呼吸的成本:房价空间分异视角下城市居民对雾霾污染治理的支付意愿测度

The Cost of Breath: Urban Residents' Willingness to Pay for Haze Pollution Governance from the Perspective of Housing Price's Spatial Differentiation

雾霾污染的日益加剧给我国经济发展带来诸多负面影响的同时,也使得居民生活的行为决策发生了一定的改变。本文基于成都市19个区县的住宅市场及大气监测数据,以二手住房成交价作为行为决策后果的代理变量,通过将空气质量因素引入特征价格法中,并在考虑了房价空间自相关的基础上,综合运用空间误差模型和空间滞后模型考察了城市居民对雾霾污染改善所愿意作出的边际支付水平。研究结果表明,雾霾污染对居民购买和租赁房屋的价格均有着显著的负面影响。雾霾污染程度下降会引起居民购房和租房的边际支付意愿上升。在控制了反向因果的内生性问题后,上述结论依然稳健。进一步利用空间分位数回归发现,不同消费水平的居民对雾霾污染的支付意愿存在异质性,中高端住宅的消费者相对而言更愿意对环境的改善进行支付。最后,通过准自然实验并采用空间双重差分法还揭示出,媒介宣传教育所激发的居民环境关心意识对隐含在房价中的雾霾治理支付意愿具有积极的引导作用。因此,相关政府部门可根据由雾霾污染改善所带来的住房潜在"升值空间"来初步进行污染治理的收益-成本分析,并通过提高居民环保意识、采用多元化的筹资方式来加强环境治理。

The increasing haze pollution has brought many negative effects to China's economic development, and it has also caused certain changes in the living behavioral decisions of residents. Based on the residential market and atmospheric monitoring data of 19 districts and counties in Chengdu, the second-hand housing transaction price was used as a proxy variable for behavioral decision-making. On the basis of the introduction of air quality factors into the Hedonic feature system and considering the spatial correlation of housing prices, this paper used the spatial error model and the spatial lag model to investigate the level of marginal payment that urban residents were willing to make for the improvement of haze pollution. The results showed that the haze pollution had a significant negative impact on the prices of residents buying and renting houses, and the price of renting houses was more sensitive. The reduction in haze pollution will improve the residents' willingness to payment for purchasing and renting houses. By using spatial quantile regression further, this paper also found that residents of different consumption levels had heterogeneity in their willingness to payment for haze pollution, and consumers in middle and high-end residential houses were more willing to pay for environmental improvement. Finally, through a quasi-experiment and difference-in-difference method, it was also revealed that the awareness of environmental concerns of residents stimulated by media's propaganda and education had a positive guiding effect on the willingness to payment for haze pollution which was implied in housing prices. Therefore, the relevant government departments can carry out the basic revenue-cost analysis of pollution control based on the potential left of housing caused by the improvement of haze pollution, and strengthen environmental governance by improving residents' environmental awareness and adopting diversified financing methods.