全膜覆土穴播对旱地春小麦农田土壤水热效应及产量的影响

Effect of soil-film mulching and hole seeding on soil temperature,moisture and yield of rain-fed spring wheat

【目的】通过研究全膜覆土穴播栽培方式对旱地春小麦农田土壤水热环境及小麦产量的影响,以期为旱作区农业高效、健康、平稳发展提供理论基础.【方法】通过田间试验的方法,研究全膜覆土穴播栽培方式下,土壤水热环境的变化,小麦干物质积累规律、产量形成及水分利用效率等指标.【结果】与露地穴播(CK)相比,全膜覆土穴播(MS)与传统地膜覆盖穴播(M)增温效果呈"U"型变化,苗期的增温效果最明显.MS和M处理0～25cm土壤平均温度较CK分别提高了1.5℃和1.7℃,孕穗期增温效果不明显,成熟期又有提高.MS和M能提高小麦阶段性耗水量,拔节和灌浆期分别较CK提高46.5%和10.4%.MS和M也提高了小麦产量和籽粒水分利用效率,产量较露地分别提高65.26%和50.67%,籽粒水分利用效率分别提高46.46%和37.85%.【结论】全膜覆土栽培方式有效的解决了旱作区干旱缺水,水分利用率低等问题,且优于传统地膜覆盖.

【Objective】The effect of soil-plastic mulching and hole seeding on soil temperature,moisture and yield of rain-fed spring wheat was studied in order to provide a theoretical basis for efficient,healthy and stable agricultural development in drylands.【Method】Field experiments were conducted to study changes in the temperature and moisture of soil,the dry matter accumulation patterns,yield formation and water use efficiency of wheat under the soil-plastic mulching and hole seeding method.【Result】The results showed that:compared with the open hole seeding(CK),the effects of full soil-film mulching and hole seeding(MS)and conventional film mulching and hole seeding(M)showed a‘U’type variation pattern,the temperature-increasing effect at seedling stage was the most obvious.Compared to CK,the average temperature within 0~25cm soil payer was increased by 1.7 ℃ and 1.5 ℃ under MS and M treatments re-spectively,the temperature-increasing effect at booting period was not obvious,but it was obvious at filling and mature period.Compared with CK,the stage water consumption of wheat was increased by 46.5%and10.4%respectively at the jointing and grain filling periods.MS and M also increased wheat yield and grain water use efficiency,and the yields were increased by 65.26%and 50.67%,grain water use efficiency was increased by 46.46% and 37.85% respectively.【Conclusion】Full soil-film mulching and hole seeding effectively solved the problem of drought,water shortage and low water use efficiency in the dry area and better than the traditional plastic film mulching.