管辂易学研究——兼论术数学的思维方式

A study of Guan Lu's I Ching-learning and the episteme of numerology

易学可以分为两部分:理论的层面和术数的层面。学界以往对易学的术数层面关注较少,一是缘于学者对"术数"的偏见,二是术数学自身缺少系统性反思的理论大师。三国时的管辂便是试图对术数学进行理论说明的人。牟宗三曾经藉由管辂来研究中国传统的一类知识系统,但尚有许多内容待发掘。管辂说"善易者不论《易》",这是对术数易地位的辩护,同时也是对经学易和玄学易的回应。这种反对,不能从象数和义理对立的角度去理解,而应从文本和实践的区别来认识。管辂认为,术数的根本在于"神",这个神不是玄学或思辨意义上的"玄之又玄",而是实践意义中的通感和知几能力,它奠基于人自身的命限和气质中。但对于神的体悟又不能仅仅等同于"直觉"和"神秘主义",因为它对于表现的通孔——象,以及工夫论基础,都有明确的要求。在这里,我们看到了不隶属于理性、直觉或神秘主义的一种独特思维方式。

I Ching-learning could be divided into two parts:one was the theory and the other was divination or numerology.The numerology of I Ching was not very popular with the academic circles.On the one hand,many scholars had a prejudice against numerology;on the other,numerology lacked a systematic and theoretical explanation by great scholars.Fortunately,Guan Lu,a master of I Ching in the period of the Three Kingdoms,was a scholar who gave it a theoretical explanation and from whom Professor Mu Zongsan benefited in his research on Chinese classics.Guan Lu once said:"A real I Ching master rarely discusses I Ching,"which was a defense for numerology-based I Ching and against other approaches.We should not comprehend this based on the distinction between numberology and philosopy,but a distinction between textualism and practice orientation.Guan Lu considered Shen(magic)as the key point of divination.However,this Shen was not a philosophical conception,but an ability of perceiving slight changes and predicting the future.Significantly,this Shen should not be considered as intuition or mysticism,because Xiang(image)and the Attainment Theory were distinctly required in this procedure,which made it a unique mode of thinking different from rationalism or intuitionalism.