竞“道德”、逐“智谋”与争“气力”——先秦兵学文化的嬗变轨迹考察

Competing for "Morality",Pursuing "Wisdom" and Striving for "Strength" : Investigation on the Evolution of Military Science Culture of the Pre-Qin Period

先秦兵学文化的嬗变有非常明确的轨迹可循。商、周及春秋前期,在礼乐文明的背景下,战争更多强调规则意识,底线意识,与之相应的是以"古司马法"等典籍为代表的"竞于道德"的兵学文化;春秋中后期,战争规模逐渐扩大,并摆脱旧"军礼"的束缚,"诡诈"的战法逐渐占据主导地位,与之相应的是以《孙子兵法》等典籍为代表的"逐于智谋"的兵学文化;战国时期,兼并战争成为主流,重视耕战、强调实力优先,代之而起的是以《商君书》《管子》等典籍为代表的"争于气力"的兵学文化。

There is a very clear track for the evolution of military science culture of the Pre-Qin Period.In Shang,Zhou and the early Spring and Autumn Period,in the background of the civilization of rites and music,the war emphasized more on the consciousness of rules and bottom line.Correspondingly,the military culture of"competing for morality"represented by the ancient Sima law and other classics began to hold sway.In the middle and later period of the Spring and Autumn Period,as the scale of war expanded,the shackles of old"military etiquette"were shaken off,and the"deceitful"tactics gradually dominated in military strategies.Correspondingly,the military culture turned to be"pursuing wisdom"represented by the"Art of War"and other classics.During the Warring States Period,annexation war became the mainstream.Military activities with farming and strength were given the highest priority.Accordingly,the military culture of"striving for strength"represented by classics such as Shang Jun Shu and Guan Zi were born.