金代山水诗的道教意象及其文学生成

The Image of Taoism and Its Literary Formation in the Landscape Poetry of the Jin Dynasty

金代山水诗的道教意象非常丰富。其中,道观类意象在王重阳等道教徒及一般文人的山水诗中均有体现,往往意在揭示道教义理、宣扬羽化升仙;轩亭类意象往往也充满了金人无处不在的道教思想,云鹤、松竹、烟霞、琴画等意象则有意无意地显示了金代归隐意象的逐渐仙化;海洋、海市等意象承载了金人对神秘仙境的敬畏与幻想。金代山水诗的这些意象中,有对道教的信奉,有对人世的不满,也有附庸风雅的社会时尚,与唐宋道教山水诗中高扬的生命热情与社会批判有一定距离。道教意象在金代山水诗中的生成,离不开全真教的崛起、王重阳等道教领袖的以诗歌作为传道手段等因素。

The landscape poetry of the Jin dynasty is very rich in Taoist imagery.Taoist images are reflected in the landscape poems of Taoism believers such as Wang Chongyang and ordinary literati,often intended to disclose the principles of Taoism and promote the idea of ascending to heaven and becoming immortals.The images of pavilions are often full of Taoist thoughts of the Jin people.The images of cranes,pine bamboos,misty clouds,and qin and paintings intentionally or unintentionally show the gradual immortalization of the retreat images of the Jin dynasty.Among those images in the landscape poetry,there is belief in Taoism,dissatisfaction with the world,the social fashion of pretentious love of culture,totally different from the high enthusiasm for life and social criticism in the Taoist landscape poetry of the Tang and Song dynasties.The creation of the Taoist imagery in the landscape poetry of the Jin dynasty cannot be separated from the rise of Quanzhen Sect and the use of poetry as a means of preaching by Wang Chongy ang and other Taoist leaders.