马克斯·韦伯理论中的“连续”与“突破”问题

Issues of “Continuity” and “Breakthrough” in Max Weber's Theory

"连续性"与"突破性"这一对应范畴是由张光直明确提出并清晰表述的。马克斯·韦伯并没有使用"连续"与"突破"这样的语词或概念,但在其有关宗教社会学理论中其实又明确涉及或包含了"连续"与"突破"这样的问题。按照韦伯的观点,中国的儒教与道教、印度的婆罗门教与佛教都属于传统主义的宗教,换作张光直的概念,就是都属于"连续性"的宗教;而犹太教是发生了革命的宗教,也就是属于"突破性"的宗教。犹太教的"突破"主要体现在没有偶像、没有祭祀、没有巫术、没有占卜,同时,伦理成为犹太教的核心内容。韦伯指出,这样一种宗教伦理,也可以说伦理宗教一经产生,便与任何其他古老的宗教传统区别开来,并成为后续的世界性宗教的基础。这些正是"突破性"宗教与"连续性"宗教区别之所在。

he corresponding categories“continuity”and“breakthrough”were put forward and elaborated by Zhang Guangzhi.Max Weber did not directly use such words as“continuity”and“breakthrough”,but his religious sociology theories involved or included issues of“continuity”and“breakthrough”.In Weber’s opinion,Chinese Confucianism and Taoism,Indian Brahmanism and Buddhism are traditional religions.In Zhang Guangzhi’s opinion,they are“continuity”religion.Judaism is the revolutionary religion,and is also the“breakthrough”religion.“Breakthrough”of Judaism includes no idol,no sacrifice,no witchcraft,and no divination,and ethics is the key of Judaism.Max Weber argues that once ethic religion is established,it will be separated from other old religions and becomes the basis of the world religions.These features are the differences between“breakthrough”religion and“continuity”religion.