生物文化伦理:恢复居住者及其生活习性与生境之间的关键联系

Biocultural ethics: recovering the vital links between the inhabitants, their habits, and habitats

生物文化的均质化涉及三个主要动因:(a)城市人口急剧增长导致的与生物多样性日常接触的物理障碍;(b)本土语言中蕴含广泛的不同传统生态学知识与价值,但正规或非正规教育对本土语言的忽视导致了概念障碍;(c)与20世纪60年代以来盛行的新自由主义经济治理之下对伦理学教学的清除或减少有关的政治障碍。生物文化伦理致力于通过恢复生物多样性与文化多元性之间、栖居者的习性与其生境之间的关键联系来克服这些障碍。早期西方哲学、美洲印第安人传统生态学知识和当代生态学、进化论科学都承认这些联系,但在普遍流行的现代伦理学中缺失了这种联系。人们曾经忽视了解区域生态系统以及在其中栖居的形式的多样性,这些形式的每一种都具有多重的环境和社会后果。更好地理解由种种生态系统、语言和文化组成的地区多样性拼图,有助于区分环境问题的具体原因和责任能动主体,有助于揭示可持续性的实践、生态学知识形式和价值,这些实践、知识形式和价值为解决社会生态问题提供了现有的选择。

Biocultural homogenisation involves three major drivers:(a)the physical barrier to everyday contact with biodiversity derived from the rapid growth of urban population,(b)the conceptual barrier derived from the omission in formal and non-formal education of native languages that contain a broad spectrum of traditional ecological knowledge and values,and(c)political barriers associated with the elimination or reduction of the teaching of ethics under the prevailing neoliberal economy governance since the 1960s.Biocultural ethics aims at overcoming these barriers by recovering the vital links between biological and cultural diversity,between the habits and the habitats of the inhabitants.These links are acknowledged by early Western philosophy,Amerindian traditional ecological knowledge,and contemporary ecological and evolutionary sciences,but have been lost in prevailing modern ethics.There is an overlooked diversity of forms of knowing and inhabiting regional ecosystems,each of them having diverse environmental and social consequences.A better understanding of the regionally diverse mosaics of ecosystems,languages,and cultures facilitates the distinction of specific causes and responsible agents of environmental problems,and the disclosure of sustainable practices,forms of ecological knowledge and values that offer already existing options to solve socio-ecological problems.