母乳低聚糖的研究进展

Research progress of human milk oligosaccharides

母乳低聚糖(human milk oligosaccharides,HMOs)是人乳中仅次于乳糖和脂肪的第三大营养物质,是母乳的独特成分,影响着婴儿的生长发育。每个HMO可能具有不同的功能。母乳低聚糖可作为益生元影响肠道微生物群的组成;亦可以充当抗黏附剂或受体诱饵阻止病毒、细菌等病原体与上皮细胞表面的糖结合;还可以作为免疫调节剂改变宿主上皮细胞和免疫细胞应答,对健康有潜在益处。全面阐述低聚糖结构与功能的关系,在原则上需要获得所有HMO的信息,这促进了合成HMO方法的发展。这些方法还在进一步完善,以满足工业生产食品添加剂的经济要求,同时,人们也在为建立具有不同链长、分支模式和岩藻糖基化或唾液酸化低聚糖的HMO库而不懈努力。

Human milk oligosaccharides(HMOs) are the third largest nutrient in human milk after lactose and fat. It is a unique component of breast milk and affects the growth and development of infants. Each HMO may have different functions. Human milk oligosaccharide can be used as probiotics to affect the composition of intestinal microbial community; also can act as anti-adhesion agent or receptor bait to prevent the binding of virus, bacteria and other pathogens to the sugar on the surface of epithelial cells. It can also be used as an immunomodulators to alter the host epithelial cells and immune cell responses, which has potential health benefits. In order to fully expound the relationship between the structure and function of oligosaccharides, it is necessary to obtain information of all HMO in principle, which promotes the development of methods for the synthesis of HMOs. These methods are being further improved to meet the economic requirements of industrial production of food additives. At the same time, people are making unremitting efforts to establish HMO libraries with different chain lengths, branching patterns and fucosylated or sialylated oligosaccharides.