行人致命交通事故特征与致因机理研究——基于181例深度调查事故案例

Characteristics and Mechanism of Fatal Traffic Accidents Involving Pedestrians:Based on 181 In-depth Investigated Cases

为了把握行人致命事故的特征和致因机理,促进减少该类事故的发生,基于国家车辆事故深度调查体系(NAIS)中的181例真实行人致命事故案例,从事故地点、时间与天气、驾驶员、行人、车辆、碰撞状态以及事故后果等方面进行了数据统计分析,并在此基础上采用鱼刺图法从行人、驾驶员、车辆、道路和环境等5个方面对行人致命事故的致因机理进行了分析。总结出了行人致命交通事故的7个特征:(1)行人违章横穿道路突出(60.0%);(2)老年行人涉事率高(60岁以上占37.0%);(3)19:00-21:00是事故多发时段(29.2%);(4)面包车事故是中国道路特色(16.0%);(5)路侧作业行人危险度高(6.6%);(6)行人死亡大多为颅脑损伤(87.8%);(7)车辆前挡风玻璃大多会有网状裂纹等。结果表明,行人违章横穿道路是行人致命事故最主要的原因,加强行人和驾驶员的交通安全教育和管理是预防和减少行人致命事故的关键。

This study investigates characteristics and mechanism of fatal traffic accidents involving pedestrians,in order to reduce this kind of accidents.181 actual cases in National Automobile Accident In-depth Investigation System(NAIS)database are selected as case studies followed by statistical analysis from following aspects including:accident locations,time and weather,vehicles,drivers,pedestrians,collision states,and consequences,etc.Then a fishbone diagram method is adopted to analyze the mechanism of these accidents from 5 aspects including:pedestrian,driver,vehicle,road,and environment.Consequently,seven typical characteristics are proposed,including:①jaywalking accidents happen when pedestrians crossing not at crosswalks(60.0%);②old pedestrians(over age 60)are more likely(37.0%)be involved in fatal accidents;③most of the fatal accidents(29.2%)happen during 19:00 to 21:00;④the fatal accidents involving minivan are a striking feature in China(16.0%);⑤road-side workers are prone to be dangerous(6.6%);⑥most of pedestrians die of closed head syndrome(87.8%);⑦most of accident vehicles have reticulate crack in the front windshield.The results show that illegal jaywalking of pedestrians is the most important reason of these accidents,and the key to prevent and reduce these accidents is to strengthen education and management of traffic safety for pedestrians and drivers.