论西北官话的词调及其与单字调、连读调的关系

Lexical tone of Northwest Mandarin and its relation with citation tone and tone sandhi

"词调"指西北方言中双音节以上的词语中那些不能从单字调的连读音变推导出来的调子。与词调密切相关的是单字调和连读调,其中单字调、连读调属于语音层面,词调属于词汇、语法层面。词调具有以下5个特点:有限性,模式化,声调高/低与音节的长/短、轻/重相协调,首音节统摄,层次早于单字调和连读调。在调查研究实践中,可以采用正向确认法和反向确认法区分词调与连读调。面对单字调简化、连调复杂、词调发达的情况,建议对西北方言的调查步骤作适当调整。

Lexical tone in this paper refers to the tone which occurs in the words or phrases of two or more syllables,and which cannot be inferred from the sandhi of citation tones in Northwestern Chinese dialects.Lexical tone is closely connected with the citation tone and the tone sandhi;however,the latter two are on the phonological level,while lexical tone is related to morphology and syntax.Five features of lexical tone are illustrated,including that it has limited types,presents fixed forms,exhibits conformity between high/low pitch and long/short or stressed/unstressed syllables,shows initial syllable controlling,and has earlier stratum than its corresponding citation tones and tone sandhi.Two methods are proposed to distinguish the three concepts above.On account of the situation in Northwest Mandarin where the citation tone is simplified,the tone sandhi is complex and the lexical tone is advanced,it is also suggested that certain adjustment be made to the investigating procedures on the dialect.