祭祀、控产与革命——清末民初慈溪师桥的财产秩序和宗族演变

Sacrificial Ceremonies, Control of Properties, and the Revolution: The Evolution of Property Structure of the Lineage in Shiqiao of Cixi in the Late Qing and Early Republican Period

清末民初,浙江慈溪师桥沈氏宗族的组织形态和财产结构发生了显著变化。清代中叶以前,为了应对频繁的水利纠纷,沈氏与毗邻的异姓家族结成祭祀联盟。甲午战争前后,随着中日两国机器棉纺织业的迅猛发展,杭州湾南岸滨海沙涂被大规模开发成棉田,原先的水利祭祀联盟逐渐向沙涂控产组织转化。清末新政以后,地方权势沉浮不定,沙涂控产组织日益遭受内部冲突和外部"民变"风潮的冲击。北伐战争时期,内外矛盾汇聚成农民运动,严重冲击了乡村传统支配势力,从而使地方社会秩序陷入涣散、解体的危机。为纾解这一困境,传统的水利祭祀联盟和宗族控产结构被重新恢复,师桥地方产生"大革命"复活"旧制度"的悖论现象,地方社会在革命之后呈现新旧杂糅的面貌。

In the late Qing and early Republican period,the organizational form and property structure of the Shen Lineage in Shiqiao of Cixi,Zhejiang Proince,changed significantly.Before the mid-Qing,in order to deal with frequent disputes on water supply,the Shen Lineage and families with other surnames formed an alliance for sacrificial ceremonies.Around the First Sino-Japanese War in the mid-1890s,along with the boost of the cotton textile industry in both China and Japan,a large amount of sand land along the southern coast of the Hangzhou Gulf was converted into cotton fields.The original alliance for sacrifice then gradually turned into an organization to manage the properties on sand land.After the New Policy Reform in late Qing,this organization was impacted by both internal conflicts and external riots.In the Northern Expedition,the internal and external conflicts converged into a peasant movement,which seriously challenged the traditional dominant power in this rural area.The local social order thus tended to disintegrate.In order to solve this crisis,the traditional alliance for sacrifice and the lineage structure of property control were restored.This resulted in the paradoxical phenomenon that the revolution revived the“old regime”.The local society in Shiqiao appeared a mixture of the old and the new after the Nationalist Revolution.