意思能力的体系定位与规范适用(上)

System Positioning and Provision Application of Decision-Making Capacity (Part Ⅰ)

与大陆法上通行做法不同,我国《民法总则》对意思能力采全面抽象考察模式,理论上亦有"全面抽象说"支持。司法实践虽自发对意思能力进行个案考察,但因缺少明确的规范指引,实际在行为能力判断层面形成了"意思能力/实施法律行为能力"的二元化评价标准。"全面抽象说"对意思能力的功能与性质存在片面解读,其正当性亦难经推敲。行为能力仅能对意思能力做部分抽象,且此过程仍须借助对后者的具体考察。二元化评价标准混淆了行为能力判断中的因果关系,将对法体系的安定造成破坏。实证法体系中的意思能力应定位于行为能力、法律行为及成年监护三重维度。意思能力为类型概念,应以意思要素为其评价核心。在行为能力层面,经解释论区分《民法总则》第21条第1款和第22条中不同行为能力状态下意思能力的考察标准;在法律行为层面,经《民通意见》第67条将意思能力确定为法律行为的效力性要件,弱化行为能力对意思自治的绝对约束;在监护法层面,应综合意思要素的独立程度及精神能力的瑕疵状况,构建各行为能力类型项下具体的意思能力类型。

Different from other civil law system countries,General Provisions of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China holds an abstract model on decision-making capacity judgment;also,there is the "full-abstract theory"to support.While the independent investigation on decision-making capacity had been done automatically in practice due to the absence of legal norms about decision-making capacity a dualistic judgment system between decision-making capacity and legal capacity has already formed."Full abstract theory"not only misunderstands the function and nature of decision-making capacity but also lacks the legitimacy of theory.Legal capacity can only partially abstract decision-making capacity,through the process the former still bases on specific inspection of the latter.Dualistic judgment system confuses the causal relationship in legal capacity judgment and this will cause damage to the stability of legal system.The legal system can build a three-constellation decision-making capacity independent inspection paradigm among legal capacity,legal behavior and adult guardianship.Decision-making capacity is a type of concept.Its core judgment should focus on the evaluation of intention elements.In judgment of decision-making capacity,the evaluation criteria of intention elements should be clearly defined.In legal capacity judgment,inspection on intention element during legal capacity judgment through law interpretation is necessary which can distinguish the criterion of decisionmaking capacity judgment between legal incapacity and legal limited capacity.In the legal act effect,by using article 67 of The Supreme People’s Court About Carrying out Several Issues in General Principles of the Civil Law,decision-making capacity can be considered as a functional element in legal act effect.If adults are under declaration of legal limited capacity at the same time,there is a consent of the double effect co-opetition.In adult guardianship,according to the degree of independent intention elements and the situation of mental ability,decision-making capacity judgment standards can be established among different legal capacity.