后欧洲高等教育区时代意大利高等教育体系的改革及其问题

The Reform of Italian Higher Education System in Post-EHEA Era and Its Problems Concerned

在"博洛尼亚进程"的第一阶段,意大利政府通过学分制与课程设计方面的改革及引入学士与硕士两级学位体系等,努力追赶并缩小与其他欧洲国家在高等教育方面的差距。"欧洲高等教育区"成立之后,"博洛尼亚进程"迈入第二阶段,意大利高等教育体制改革在取得显著成绩的同时,具有自身特色的矛盾逐渐凸显,如经费紧张、资源浪费严重、效率低下、"近亲繁殖"等。历任政府被迫通过缩减教育经费支出、改革大学行政管理体系、在财政拨款方面引入竞争机制等方式来提高拨款的绩效。不过,改革之后的意大利高等教育体系,教师老龄化、人才流失现象依然十分严重。

On the first stage of the "Bologna Process", the Italian government implemented a series of reform measures such as the reform of credit system and the curriculum design to introduce both the bachelor and the master degree system in order to catch up with and narrow down the gaps with the other European Countries in the area of higher education. Since the establishment of EHEA(European Higher Education Area), the "Bologna Process" entered into the second stage. The reforms of the Italian higher education system has made remarkable progress since then, but in the other way, the contradiction with the characteristic defects of Italian higher education such as the shortage of funds, a serious waste of resources, low efficiency and the "inbreeding" becomes prominent little by little. The successive Italian governments are forced to upgrade the performance of its allotments by means of the reduction of the educational funds expenditure, the reform of the administrative system of the university and the introduction of the competition mechanism in the field of fiscal allotment. Nevertheless, the Italian higher education system after the reform still remains very serious phenomena on such as the aging of the faculties and the brain drain of young talents.