华夷之辨:明代苗疆族群迁徙与移民记忆的历史阐释——以麻阳为切口

Discrimination of Hua and Yi:A historical explanation of ethnic migration and migrants memory in Miao region in Ming Dynasty

传统移民史和民族史研究关注移民史实与移民族裔成分的讨论,但缺乏对地方移民文献"作伪"的解释。元末明初,身处苗疆的麻阳地方的土著人口,通过明廷招抚,由"化外之民"变为"编户齐民",实现了地域族群政治身份和价值态度转换的历史进程。地域族群在政治认同与自我身份认知的巨变,虽不能说明区域人口再生产的事实,却揭示了军籍家族对所谓"移民记忆"重构的影响。随着原麻阳地方族群身份的转换,麻阳成为中央政府经略贵州和苗疆的战略中心。麻阳以北,以是否"入籍"为标准,成为区分"王化"所及的政治边界。麻阳土著的身份转变,为后来麻阳人口外迁奠定基础。华夷之辨不仅仅存在于政治、军事的移民行为当中,以所谓"移民记忆"为标志的族群地域文化心理认同和中原向心力,是明初以来王朝政治经营边地留下的政治遗产。

Traditional study of migration history and ethnic history focuses on the discussion of migration facts and identities of migrants,but lacks an explanation of the counterfeit in local migration documents.At the turn from Yuan to Ming Dynasties,native people of Mayang in Miao region changed their political identity and value because they had changed,after amnesty and enlistment of Ming Court,from uncivilized people to subjects of the empire.This change of political identity and individual cognition in local ethnic groups cannot explain the reproduction of local population,but it can show the effect of military families on the reconstruction of migrants memory.Mayang acted as a strategic center where central government practiced its management of Guizhou and Miao region after the change of identity of ethnic groups.A line is draw to the north of Mayang as a political border of civilization according to whether the people are naturalized.Change of identity of natives in Mayang formed a base for its emigration.Discrimination of Hua(Han Chinese)and Yi(ethnic minorities)can be seen in the political and military migration.Local cultural psychological identity of ethnic groups and centripetal force of central China marked by migrants memory is a political heritage of imperial management in border areas since the beginning of Ming Dynasty.