论电子通讯数据搜查、扣押的制度建构

Construction of the System of Search and Seizure of Electronic Communication Data

由于电子通讯数据包含的内容非常丰富,因而为防止侦查机关滥用权力侵犯公民个人隐私权,域外国家、地区普遍对电子通讯数据的搜查、扣押作出了特别规定。搜查、扣押电子通讯数据的条件通常高于搜查、扣押普通信件,必须遵循比例原则的要求。侦查人员在搜查、扣押电子通讯数据过程中有权要求相关人员提供协助,应当尽可能将电子通讯数据转换为书面或其他可以直接识别的形式,必须将原始存储介质予以封存,与案件无关的以及诉讼不再需要的信息必须及时删除、销毁。辩护律师有权在侦查机关搜查、扣押电子通讯数据时在场,搜查、扣押电子通讯数据完毕应当及时告知犯罪嫌疑人及相关人员,犯罪嫌疑人及其辩护人有权了解、查阅被搜查、扣押的电子通讯数据的内容,采用非法手段收集的电子通讯数据必须予以排除。

Since electronic communication data is very rich in content,foreign countries and regions have generally adopted special provisions on the search and seizure of electronic communication data to prevent investigative organs from abusing their power to infringe upon citizens’right of privacy.The search and seizure of electronic communication data usually have to meet higher conditions than those for the search and seizure of ordinary letters,and must follow the principle of proportionality.Investigators have the authority to request assistance from relevant persons in the process of searching and seizing electronic communication data;electronic communication data should be converted into written or other forms that can be directly identified as much as possible;the original storage medium must be sealed;information that is unrelated to the case or no longer needed must be deleted or destroyed in time.The defense lawyer has the right to be present when the investigators search and detain electronic communication data;the suspect and relevant persons shall be informed in time after the completion of the search and seizure;the suspect and his/her defender have the right to be informed of and to inspect the electronic communication data searched and seized;and data of electronic communication collected by illegal means must be excluded from evidence.