刑事电子数据的规制路径与重点问题

Criminal Electronic Data:Regulatory Approaches and Key Issues

随着现代科学技术的迅速发展,法定证据种类不断扩充完善。作为2012年《刑事诉讼法》新增的法定证据种类,电子数据在证明案件事实的过程中发挥着越来越重要的作用。针对司法实践中产生的新情况和新问题,最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部等部门,通过司法解释、规范性文件等方式,对电子数据的收集与提取、移送与展示、审查与判断作了全面规定,初步构建起了我国刑事电子数据的规制体系。本文对我国刑事电子数据的规制路径进行了梳理,并在此基础上,针对电子数据收集提取、移送展示和审查判断等环节中的重点问题,特别是司法实务中存有一定争议的取证主体与取证方法要求、取证规则、冻结、检查、专门性问题的判断、备份移送与打印件以及真实性与关联性的审查判断等问题进行探讨分析。

With the rapid development of modern science and technology,the types of legal evidence have been continuously expanded and improved.As a new type of legal evidence in the 2012 Criminal Procedure Law,electronic data plays an increasingly important role in ascertaining the facts of the case.In light of the new situation of and new problems in judicial practice,the Supreme People’s Court,the Supreme People’s Procuratorate,the Ministry of Public Security and other government departments have adopted a series of judicial interpretations and other normative documents that contain comprehensive provisions on the collection,extraction,transfer,display,review and determination of electronic data,thereby establishing a preliminary criminal electronic data regulation system.This paper reviews different approaches to the regulation of criminal electronic data in China and,based on the discussion of such general issues as the definition and integrity of electronic data,analyzes the key issues of collection,extraction,transfer,display,review and determination of electronic data,as well as the controversies in judicial practice over subjects of evidence taking,requirements of forensic methods,rules on the collection,freezing,and inspection of evidence,determination of special issues,backup transfer and printing,and the review and determination of authenticity and relevance.