我国民法典合同法编格式条款立法研究

Legislative Research on Standard Clauses in Contract Law of the China's Draft Civil Code

格式条款的规制是现代合同法的难题,旨在妥当平衡合同自由和合同正义。我国《合同法》等法律、相关司法解释以及民法典各分编(草案)格式条款立法均存在不足。民法典合同法编格式条款立法应当主要围绕格式条款的订立规则和效力规则二个方面对现有制度进行完善。就订入规则而言,格式条款使用人未履行提示及说明义务的,格式条款的法律后果不应当是可撤销,而应当是没有订入合同。在效力规则方面,应借鉴比较法的成功经验,采取概况条款加具体列举的立法模式,即诚信原则加灰名单和黑名单的模式,诚信原则可通过三个方面进行具体化作业,即要求格式条款明白易懂、格式条款不得与法律规定的重要思想相抵触、格式条款不得限制因合同性质而发生的重要权利或义务致使危及合同目的;格式条款落入灰名单者,须经法院评价而定其效力,落入黑名单者,一律无效。

Regulation on standard clauses is a tough problem in modern contract law,aiming to balance the freedom of contract and the justice of contract.Articles on standard clauses in China’s Contract Law,and the Judicial Interpretation and Draft Civil Code have certain drawbacks.Based on the above existing regulations,China’s Draft Contract Law should be perfected from two aspects,namely the rule on the making of standard clauses and the rule on validity of standard clauses.As to the rule on making of standard clauses,if the party that provides standard clauses fails to fulfill the obligation of calling the other party’s attention and fails to fulfill the obligation of giving explanations,its legal result shall not be rescinded;instead,it is not incorporated into the contract.As to the rule of validity,based on experience from comparative law,the legislative mode,namely general clause plus concrete lists,or the principle of good faith plus Grey Lists and Black Lists shall be adopted.Furthermore,the principle of good faith can be specified in three aspects,that is,the principle of transparency,the significant fundamental thoughts of the law,and the nature and the objects of the contract.If standard clauses belong to Grey Lists,the clauses shall be evaluated by the judge and may be valid;If standard clauses belong to Black Lists,the clauses shall be invalid.