马克思主义空间正义与环境美学话语批判

Marxist spatial justice and critique of environmental aesthetic discourse

环境美学作为建立在"自然美"基础上并且融合主体对环境审美感性体验的理论学科,伴随启蒙现代性的自我反思和审美现代性的话语批判而不断延展。根据马克思主义的观点,环境问题的出现源自主体实践能力的"异化"以及资产阶级建立在"利益论"基础上的人类中心主义。在此语境中,空间正义思想成为分析环境问题的良好策略,并在空间区隔、空间失衡等维度表征出环境正义话语,围绕主体形成环境、空间、审美等众多元素融合的"空间场"。从"空间场"中凸显出来的审美经验和美学知识构成当代环境美学的重要组成部分,它一方面涵盖了主体对自然空间的审美感知,另一方面构建了从"身体"感性经验,再到"空间"环境伦理的理论谱系,恢复了美学作为一门研究主体感性之学的"原初"意义。与此同时,"空间场"塑造了具有公共性意义和批判价值的美学形态,并表征呈现为城市空间的环境反思、民族与边缘群体的环境理念以及另类空间中的自然环境3个维度,推动环境美学延展出一条从边缘到核心、从异质到共生的理论谱系。环境美学将在后现代文化空间中继续焕发理论活力。

Environmental aesthetics as a theory relies on“natural beauty”and the subjective perception of environmental aesthetic experience and develops along with the self-reflection of enlightened modernity and the critique of the discourse of aesthetic modernity.According to the view of Marxism,the environmental problems derive from the alienation of the subject’s practical ability and anthropocentrism based on the theory of interest from the bourgeoisie.In this context,the theory of spatial justice which becomes a good strategy for analyzing environmental problems gives expression to environmental justice contained in the dimensions of spatial segregation and imbalance,and constructs a spatial domain composed of the environment,space,aesthetic experience centering on the subject.The aesthetic experience and knowledge obtained from the spatial domain constitutes an important part of contemporary environmental aesthetics;on the one hand,it reveals the subject’s aesthetic perception of the natural space;on the other hand it constructs the perceptual experience from the body to the spatial spectrum of environmental ethics,rendering aesthetics its original meaning as a research subject of perceptual learning.At the same time,the spatial domain constructs an aesthetic form with shared significance and critical value characteristic of three dimensions of the environmental reflections in the urban space,the environmental concepts of ethnic groups and especially marginalized groups as well as the natural environment of the Other,which promotes environmental aesthetics to construct a theoretical spectrum which stretches out from the edge to the core,and from heterogeneity to symbiosis.Environmental aesthetics will continue getting much theoretical vitality in the postmodern culture.