汉初太尉之置、废考述

The Study of the Establishment and Abolition of Taiwei in the Early Han Dynasty

汉袭秦制,设立三公,太尉乃三公之掌管军权者。楚汉相争时,刘邦身边一直有太尉相随征战。入关以后,太尉时置时废,总的来说,若有危及江山之战事,或新皇登基之典仪,则置;若天下太平、君臣相安,则废。建元二年(前139年),朝廷彻底废弃太尉一职。元狩四年(前119年),武帝置大司马以宠将帅。自此,汉朝又出现了一个与太尉十分类似的称谓。然而,两相比较,异处颇为明显:太尉乃国家掌兵之权臣,大司马为皇帝亲信之封号。废太尉而置大司马意味着掌兵之权收归中朝,是强君权、削臣权的需要。

The duty of a Taiwei is to take charge of the army.Before the establishment of the Han dynasty,Liu bang has set up a Taiwei.The existence of taiwei was unstable in the Han dynasty.In general,the rulers would set up a Taiwei in wartime and would abolish the Taiwei in the ages of peace.In addition,when a new emperor inherited the throne,the ruler may set up a taiwei.Emperor Hanwu abandoned the Taiwei in 141 BC,and set up the Dasima in 119 BC.The job of the Dasima seems to be similar to the Taiwei,actually,the Taiwei was a very powerful minister,but Dasima was only a kind of honor.The purpose of setting up a Dasima and abandoning the Taiwei is to increase the power of the emperor and weaken the ministers.