合法性与政治认同:明朝朝贡秩序稳定的原因

Legitimacy and Political Identity:Why the Tributary System is Stable in the Ming Dynasty?

本文对明朝初期的朝贡体系进行考察,发现安南与朝鲜两国虽然都深受中国文化及政治制度影响,地理上也与中国毗邻,但它们与明朝的关系截然不同,朝鲜深受明朝重视,而安南却与明朝发生了军事冲突和战争。本文认为,两国截然不同的结果与它们对宗主国的政治认同和自身国内合法性的高低有关。政治认同与文化认同不一样,尽管安南在文化上认同儒家文化,但是安南对明朝的政治认同不高。在安南经历篡位并担忧明朝军事干涉的境况下,最终双方发生军事冲突,朝贡关系终结。朝鲜对明朝具有高度政治认同,即使明太祖对朝鲜态度冷漠,朝鲜仍然谨慎遵守朝贡秩序与朝贡礼仪。朝鲜成为明朝最友好的朝贡国之一,明朝甚至为其提供安全保障。

This paper investigates the tributary system in the early Ming Dynasty,and finds that although An Nanguo and Korea were deeply influenced by Chinese culture and geographically adjacent to China,their relations with the Ming Dynasty were quite different.Korea was a close friend of the Ming Dynasty,while An Nanguo entered into military conflicts and wars with the latter.This paper holds the opinion that the different results of the two countries are related to their political identification with the suzerain and their domestic legitimacy.Political identity and cultural identity are different.Although An Nanguo identifies with Confucian culture,its political identity with Ming Dynasty is not high.Under the circumstances of An Nanguo's usurpation,the military conflict with the Ming Dynasty finally broke out and the tributary relationship ended.North Korea has a high degree of political identity with the Ming Dynasty.Even though Zhu Yuanzhang was indifferent to North Korea,Korea still strictly followed the tribute etiquette.Eventually,Korea became one of the most friendly tributary countries with the Ming Dynasty.