城市收缩时代的适应战略和空间重构——基于日本网络型紧凑城市规划

Adaptation Strategies and Spatial Reorganizations of City Shrinkage Era:Focus on Compact and Network City Planning in Japan

通过对日本网络型紧凑城市规划的发展机制、发展政策和代表性案例——富山市和宇都宫市的探讨,归纳总结了日本中央和地方城市政府的收缩城市规划战略政策和空间重构规划方案,借此为陷入收缩境况的中国城市在战略取向和空间重构方面提出有益启示:1)勇于接纳和面对人口减少和城市收缩这一客观事实,积极采取激活城市收缩所带来的机遇的适应性战略,而不是采取促使人口再度增加的应对性战略;2)充分考虑人口减少和老龄化社会并存的城市收缩时代特征,通过城市功能集聚的"据点化"战略和公共交通系统主导的"网络化"战略,构建多中心连接的网络型紧凑城市空间结构;3)根据人口数量变化预测结果,动态地推动城市规模的精明收缩,开展匹配存量规划或减量规划的规模适当化规划。

In the era of population reduction and an ultra-aging society,a country spatial structure transition strategy called“Compact and Network”is presented to cope with the shrinkage of local cities and to build future spatial structures in Japan.Urban shrinkage is a development path that is spreading widely through the world.Recently,this shrinkage phenomenon has also emerged in some cities and regions of China,and will become one of major challenges that China may confront in this new type of urbanization.This indicates many potential problems and deep contradictions resulting from the growth-first mode after the adoption of the reform and open-up policy,and will probably exacerbate the urban shrinkage crisis.This paper therefore analyzes the formation mechanism,development policies,and typical cases of a compact and network city in Japan,and then sums up the planning strategies and compact and network city shaping schemes for shrinking cities in Japan.Based on this,some guiding strategies for China’s shrinking cities are offered in terms of planning strategy orientation,multi-center compact and network city construction,and right-sizing planning.1) We should accept and face the fact of population decline and urban shrinkage and realize that the appropriate coping strategy for shrinking cities is not to attempt to increase the population again but an adaptation strategy that focuses on activating these opportunities that shrinking cities provide.Shrinking cities should promote urban spatial reorganizations according to the accurate results of demographic analysis and change prediction.Meanwhile,it is necessary to not only promote comprehensive plans of urban policies and facilities construction projects,but also to emphasize mutual collaboration and consideration between cities.2) In the era of shrinking cities,including issues of population decline and aging,urban development policies should consist of facility location plans aimed at service objects.With full consideration of these features of shrinking cities,a variety of urban functions should be realized in the 5 minute walking zone of urban centers at all levels,railway stations,bus stations,and major road intersections,which are linked by transit networks.Then,shrinking cities can build multi-center ‘“compact and network”city spatial structures successfully through the compact village strategy and transit-oriented network strategy.3) According to the accurate results of demographic analysis and change prediction,shrinking cities should promote smart shrinkage strategy of urban space and right-sizing planning suitable for inventory planning and reduction planning dynamically.Also,many problems remaining from the period of urban expansion can be solved by the opportunity of ‘urban double repair’policy,while removing vacant properties to improve the urban space and community life quality through greening strategies.