万历内廷戏曲承应机构考论——以“四斋”“玉熙宫”为核心

A Study on the Imperial Theatrical Performance Organizations of Wanli Period Focusing on “Sizhai” and “Yuxi Palace”

万历十年(1582)张居正卒后,明神宗朱翊钧长期怠政不朝,国势渐趋衰微。但就明清宫廷戏曲的嬗变而论,这一时期却是新的变革时代。"四斋""玉熙宫"这两个专门戏曲承应机构的成立尤其引人瞩目。"四斋"是万历时期专为神宗生母慈圣皇太后李氏成立的戏曲承应机构,其存续时间当在万历二十五年(1597)至万历四十二年(1614)之间。"玉熙宫"则是专门负责为神宗演出戏曲的承应机构,成立时间当在万历十年(1582)至二十六年(1598)之间,它以既有之宫殿——玉熙宫作为固定的戏曲教习、演出场所,伶人包括宦官和女伎,演出内容有宫戏、外戏,至明末仍然存在。这两个内廷戏曲承应机构的成立,对晚明乃至明清时期宫廷戏曲的发展影响深远。

After Zhang Juzheng died in the 10th year of Wanli in 1582,Shenzong Zhu Yijun,the emperor of the Ming Dynasty had been idle for a long time,and the national situation was declining.But as far as the evolution of Court Opera in Ming and Qing Dynasties is concerned,this period is a new era of change.The establishment of“Sizhai”and“Yuxi Palace”as two special acceptance agencies of opera had attracted special attention.“Sizhai”is a traditional opera acceptance agency established in Wanli Period for Empress Dowager Li,mother of Shenzong.Its duration should be from 1597 to 1614.“Yuxi Palace”is a special acceptance agency responsible for performing operas for Shenzong.It was established in the Wanli period from 1582 to 1598.It used the existing palace,Yuxi Palace,as a fixed place for opera teaching and performance.The actors included eunuchs and actresses.The content of the performance included Palace operas and external operas which still existed in the late Ming Dynasty.The establishment of these two agencies has far-reaching influence on the development of palace opera in the late Ming and even Ming and Qing Dynasties.