论美国涉他合同中利益第三人权利保护

The Rights of the Third-Party Beneficiaries in the United States

倡导自由与创新精神的美国依靠一系列的判例以及第一次和第二次《合同法重述》逐渐确立并明确了利益第三人的权利:利益第三人需为"意图使之受益"的第三人,且需结合合同订立时的具体情形来判断;利益第三人享有履行请求权、否定权以及限制合同当事人解除或修改合同的权利。我国《合同法》并未明确规定第三人利益合同的内容,但民法典合同法编草案对第三人利益合同进行了确认,但是对利益第三人权利的限制较大且规定模糊。因此,美国对于利益第三人权利保护的理论与司法实践对于我国完善第三人利益合同中有关利益第三人权利的保护具有一定的借鉴意义。

The United States,which advocates freedom and innovation,relies on a series of precedents and the first and second Restatement of Contracts,has gradually established and clarified the rights of third-party beneficiaries.Third-party beneficiaries need to be an“intended beneficiary”,which needs to be judged according to the specific circumstances when the contracts are drafted.The third-party beneficiaries have the right to bring an action,to disclaim the contract,and to confine the rights of the parties to discharge or modify the contract.In China,there is no specific regulation about the rights of the third-party beneficiaries.Nevertheless,the draft of the Civil Code(Contracts)confirms the third-party-beneficiary contracts,but the restrictions on the rights of third-party beneficiaries are great,and the provisions are vague.Hence,the theory and judicial practice of the protection of the third-party beneficiaries’rights in the United States have certain significance to China for reference.