我国刑事证明责任分配体系的特点及挑战与更新

The Characteristics of the Distribution System of Burden of Proof in China and Its Challenge and Upgrading

建国以来,经过几代法律人的努力,我国已经基本形成了分配形式单一而简洁的刑事证明责任分配体系:以定罪证明为核心,非法证据排除程序证明为例外,形成以检控机关为证明责任主体,以法官审查、核实为验证,以自诉证明为补充,以被告证明为例外的权利与义务并行的证明责任分配体系。此种证明责任分配模式徒具证明责任分配的形式外表,更多地体现出我国职权主义诉讼模式、客观公正义务性要求的实质内涵。随着人权"入宪"与"进讼",当事人主体地位日益凸显,随之而来的量刑程序的分离趋势、程序法事实证明的日益突显,诉讼结构调整以及证明责任理论融合的趋势,我国证明责任分配应在证明主体多元化、证明对象多样化、诉讼多态性、证据协力等方面进行制度更新。

The burden of proof has been formed with the efforts of several generations of legal professionals since our country was founded in 1949.The characteristics of the burden of proof is the single and concise proof responsibility distribution system:conviction proof as the core,illegal evidence exclusion program as the exception,and prosecution authority as the main body in the burden of proof;the judge has power to review,verify to validate evidence,with private prosecution as supplement and the defendant proof as exception,all of which formed parallel distribution system of burden of proof in the rights and obligations.The distribution pattern has only the form of the burden of proof and reflects authority doctrine litigant mode and the essence of the objective and fair compulsory requirements.As " human rights go into the constitution" and "suit",the principal position of the parties in procedure is highlighted,the subsequent separation trend between the sentencing procedure and the conviction procedure appears,and litigation structure adjusts and the burden of proof theory tends to blend.Therefore,distribution of burden of proof in our country should be updated on the diversity of the main body of proof,the diversity of litigation,the obligation of auxiliary proof and so on.