新证据语义四十年流变的中国样本观察

Chinese Sample Observation of the Evolution of New Evidence Semantics in the Past Forty Years

新证据语义的发展过程,体现了我国程序正义理念的革新和深化过程。通过历史考察和逻辑比较,新证据之立法先后经历了实体正义优先、程序正义优先、程序至上理念的反思与缓冲,直至如今凝聚最大程度重叠性共识的新证据主义。这一发展过程中,程序正义的比例原则、程序保障原则、程序结果正当性原则和程序利益平衡原则被逐步发掘和应用。该四个原则中,程序保障原则居于核心地位。结合该四个原则反思现有的新证据立法,可将新证据之语义做如下纵深推进:对当事人主观过错应当区分其是否违反最低程度的注意义务;对五种不同主观过错应当系之以五种具有形式合理性的法律后果处理方式;对新证据"足以推翻"之证明力应当不增不减地直击既判力之客观范围。

The development of new evidence semantics reflects the process of innovation and deepening of the concept of procedural justice in China.Through historical investigation and logical comparison,the legislation of the new evidence has successively experienced the priority of substantive justice,the priority of procedural justice,the reflection and buffeting of the concept of procedural supremacy,until the new evidence doctrine has been condensed to the greatest degree of overlapping consensus.In this development process,the principle of the proportion of procedural justice,the principle of procedural guarantee,the principle of the justification of the result of the procedure and the principle of the balance of procedural interests have been gradually explored and applied.Among the four principles,the principle of procedural guarantee is the core.Combining the four principles to reflect on the existing new evidence legislation,the meaning of the new evidence can be explained as follows:the subjective fault of the party should be divided into whether it violates the minimum degree of attention obligation;the five different subjective faults should be treated with five forms of legal consequence.The power of proof " sufficient to overthrow" should be directed against the objective scope of res judicata without increasing or decreasing.