兴凯湖不同栖息地水鸟群落差异分析

Analysis on the Variation of Waterbird Communities in Different Habitats of Khanka Lake in China

【目的】研究兴凯湖不同栖息地水鸟特别是濒危鸟类如鹤鹳类群落组成差异,为兴凯湖水鸟保护管理提供科学依据。【方法】于2014年5月至2015年4月、 2017年12月采用直接计数法对湖岗、龙王庙、东北泡子以及青山水库4个区域6类栖息地水鸟群落进行系统调查,并对水鸟群落特征参数进行分析。【结果】兴凯湖湿地内共记录水鸟7目11科85种364 063只。湿地内水域面积最大,物种数最多,多样性指数最高,以雁形目和鸻形目鸟类最多;林地与灌丛面积最少,物种数最少;灌丛多样性指数最低,以鹭科鸟类为主。在4个区域,湖岗水鸟多样性最高,其次是龙王庙和东北泡子,青山水库多样性最低。由于不同区域的栖息地组成不同,水鸟数量存在着显著性差异。【结论】随着兴凯湖栖息地类型的改变与人类活动的加剧,特别是作为鹤鹳类主要的繁殖地龙王庙与东北泡子,农田耕地面积增多,而沼泽湿地与草甸面积减少,使得鸭类与鹤类数量大幅减少。建议需根据不同水鸟对栖息环境的适宜性需求,制定科学合理保护方案,进行有效保护。

【Objective】This study aimed to analyse the community composition of waterbirds,especially endangered birds such as cranes and storks,in different habitats of Khanka Lake and to provide a scientific basis for their conservation and management.【Method】We investigated the characteristic parameters of the waterbird community systematically from May 2014 to April 2015,and in December 2017 at six habitats in four regions of Hugang wetland,Longwang Temple,Dongbeipaozi Wetland and Qingshan Reservoir in Khanka Lake.【Result】In Khanka Lake,a total of 364 063 individuals from 85 species,11 families and 7 orders were recorded;the wetland had the largest area,and hence the greatest number of bird species,and the highest diversity index of birds,dominated by Anseriformes and Charadriiformes.The woodland and shrubland had the fewest number of species because of the smallest area,whereas the shrubland had the lowest diversity index,and the composition of waterbirds was dominated by herons.Among the four regions,the diversity of waterbirds in Hugang was the highest,followed by Longwang Temple,and Dongbeipaozi Wetland,and Qingshan Reservoir was the lowest.There was a significant difference in the waterbird population sizes for the different regions due to the different habitats.【Conclusion】The population sizes of ducks and cranes in Khanka Lake decreased due to expanding habitat conversion and due to anthropogenic influences,especially the expansion of farmland and the shrinkage of wetlands and meadows in Longwang Temple and Dongbeipaozi Wetland,which were the main breeding sites for red-crowned cranes,white-naped cranes and oriental storks.We suggest that a habitat-based management strategy should be formulated for the conservation of waterbird communities in Khanka Lake.