自觉、异化与自由:比较视域下儒家与马克思的人性指向

Consciousness,Alienation and Freedom:Reviewing the Humanity of Confucius and Marx in a Comparative Perspective

孔子视现实中人性的潜在同然状态为"相近",此"相近"之性对个人后天德行与才能造诣的影响并不具有决定性意义,真正使人在道德与功业方面有所差别的是后天成长经历中"习"的作用。马克思的人性思想,一方面肯定人与其他生物并无不同的自然属性有得到合理满足的必要,另一方面,从人从事劳动实践中所体现的意识自觉性与社会能动性使人与动物得以根本区别。马克思从主体从事劳动的自由性质界定人性的自由本质,进而立足人自身需求,消除异化劳动,发展社会生产力,最终使人性自由本质得以完全实现。

Confucius regards the potential similarity of humanity in reality as“similar”.This“similar”is not decisive for the influence of individual virtue and talent,but truly it makes people differ in morality and merit is the role of“study”of acquired experience in the growth.On the one hand,Marx’s human thought affirms the necessity that human beings and other creatures have similar natural attributes to be reasonably satisfied.On the other hand,the consciousness and social initiative embodied in human labor practice make the difference between human beings and animals.Marx defines the free nature of humanity from the free nature of the subject’s labor,and then based on people’s own needs,eliminates alienated labor,develops social productivity,and finally realizes the essence of humanity.