作为政治国家伦理的环境伦理

Environmental Ethics as Ethics of Political States

政治哲学和环境哲学是近年来国际学术界广泛讨论的新领域。人们认为以往仅仅探讨人与自然关系的环境哲学,与仅仅探讨人与人之间关系的政治哲学之间没有明显的联系,但是实质上任何人与自然关系的变化都会需要或者涉及国家与国家之间、国家各组织内部的包括经济、社会权利关系等善品的重新分配。近年来政治哲学也逐渐将环境伦理及环境哲学纳入重点讨论议题;而政治哲学常常探讨的社会群体责任共担层面的平等又会在一定程度上引入环境正义的范畴。因此,将环境伦理学视为一种比其他学科更符合社会生活政治维度要求的学科,并为政治活动目的而发展环境伦理学理论十分必要。这主要可以从以下五个层面得到论证:第一,它涉及人类活动领域发生的变化,这些变化关涉私人领域和公共领域(包括政治领域)的分离;第二,它与全球化进程的影响有关,例如全球环境问题的产生及国际关系向全球政策的演变,不同历史、传统、文化和宗教的民族国家,跨国组织与超国家组织都参与其中;第三,它是现实政治模式退回到以道德价值(人权)为基的政策的结果;第四,政治是环境保护最有效的工具;第五,有必要在多元政治现实中制定全球性环境政策。

Political philosophy and environmental philosophy have been widely discussed in international academic circles in recent years.It is believed that there is no obvious connection between environmental philosophy which only explores the relationship between man and nature and political philosophy which only explores the relationship between man and nature in the past.In fact,the whole changes in the relationship between man and nature would require or involve the relationship between states,including the relationship between economic and social rights within the organizations of the state.In recent years,political philosophy has gradually brought environmental ethics and environmental philosophy into the focus of discussion.However,the equality in social group responsibilities which is often discussed in political philosophy will introduce the category of environmental justice to a certain extent.The main aim of this article is to prove the existence of the need to develop the theory of environmental ethics for the purposes of political activity.Its arguments refer to the following five observations.The first concerns the changes that have occurred in the area of human activity in connection with separation of the autonomous areas:private and public(including political).The second is related to the effects of globalization process,such as the birth of the global environmental problem and the evolution of international relations towards global policy in which national states are involved with different history,tradition,culture and religion,as well as international and supranational organizations.The third results from the retreat from the real political pattern towards a policy based on moral values(human rights).The fourth concerns the role of politics as the most effective tool of environmental protection.The fifth points to the need for a global environmental policy in a pluralistic political reality.