外来植物三叶鬼针草的入侵机制及其防治与利用

Invasion mechanisms,control and utilization of alien plant species Bidens pilosa

三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)是一种菊科入侵植物,严重危害农林业和畜牧业生产。综合近年来国内外的研究成果,从生物学特性、植物与土壤微生物的协同作用、入侵的生态效应、生物防治、植物修复作用和药用价值等多个方面分析其入侵扩张机制、防治策略和应用前景。主要研究进展:1)三叶鬼针草强大的繁殖力、散布力,以及对环境因子变化表现出的较大表型可塑性是其入侵后迅速扩张的主要原因。2)其水浸提液、叶片挥发物和根系分泌物能抑制其他植物种子的萌发,引起植株细胞破裂、结构变异。3)三叶鬼针草通过改变根际土壤微生物结构、土壤氮、磷含量以及土壤酶活性,创造有利于自身生长的土壤微环境,形成一个自我促进的入侵机制。其中,丛枝菌根真菌还能改善三叶鬼针草的气孔导度和根系分枝状况,提高抗旱性。4)寄生植物和藤蔓植物可控制三叶鬼针草的蔓延,喷施甲磺隆、草甘膦等农药可对其进行灭生性防除。利用其他植物的化感物质开发植物源生物除草剂将来有望应用于三叶鬼针草的防除。5)三叶鬼针草在药物开发和修复镉、铅重金属污染土壤方面有很大的挖掘潜力。

Bidens pilosa is a highly destructive invasive plant species in the family Asteraceae. The invasion of B.pilosa has caused enormous losses in agriculture, forestry, and livestock industries. In this study, recent research on the invasion mechanism of B.pilosa was reviewed, including biological characteristics, plant-soil feedbacks, ecological effects of invasion, biological control, phytoremediation, and medicinal value. Research indicates that the fecundity, vagility, and environmental adaptability of this species caused it to rapidly expand after the initial invasion. The aqueous extract, leaf volatiles, and root secretions of B.pilosa can inhibit the germination of other plants’ seeds and cause damage to plants, such as cell rupture and structural variation. B.pilosa can regulate its growth and create a favorable environment through changing the microbial community structure, nitrogen and phosphorus content, and soil enzyme activity in root soil, helping to facilitate invasion. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can also improve the stomatal conductance and root branching status of B.pilosa , thereby improving drought resistance. Parasitic plants or vines can control the spread ofB.pilosa , and spraying chemical pesticides such as metsulfuron-methyl and glyphosate can be used for sterilization and prevention purposes. It is expected that a biological herbicide sourced from other plant allelochemicals will be developed in order to control B.pilosa in the future. Additional research on B.pilosa is important, as this species could potentially be used for medicinal and phytoremediation purposes.