赫鲁晓夫“秘密报告”对国际共产主义运动的影响

The Impact of Khrushchev's "Secret Report" on the International Communist Movement

1956年2月赫鲁晓夫在"秘密报告"中对斯大林的批评引发了人们对斯大林历史地位评价的分歧。一些共产党组织和领导人强调辩证地看待斯大林的功绩和错误,还有许多国家认为斯大林问题产生的原因在于苏联体制。这种意识形态上的危机造成了非常严重的后果。在东欧社会主义国家,发生了震惊世界的波兹南事件和匈牙利十月事件,尤其是匈牙利事件造成了大量的人员伤亡,对国家政权也造成了一定程度的冲击。在西方资本主义国家的共产主义政党内,这种危机使得党的处境艰难并造成了大量的党员流失。对苏联模式认识的分歧缘于对斯大林个人崇拜产生根源的不同认识,对该问题讨论更深远的影响在于促使人们积极地思考、探索并寻求对苏联模式的改革。与此同时,失去苏联这个统一的领导中心,国际共产主义运动也开始分化了。

Khrushchev's criticism of Stalin in his "secret report" in February 1956 led to a disagreement over the historical status of Stalin.Some communist parties and leaders held a dialectical view of Stalin's achievements and mistakes,while many other countries believe that Stalin's problems came from the political system of the Soviet Union.This ideological crisis has had very serious consequences.Poznan and the Hungarian incidents,happened in countries of Eastern Europein 1956,shocked the world.The Hungarian incident caused a large number of casualties and also had a certain impact on the state power.This crisis has made life difficult for the party in the communist parties of western capitalist countries and resulted in a large number of member losses.The different understanding of the Soviet model is due to the different understanding of the root cause of Stalin's personality cult.At the same time,the international communist movement began to splinter without the Soviet Union as the center of unified leadership.