不同保墒与土壤结构改良措施对土壤结构及小麦、玉米水分利用的影响

Effects of Different Soil Moisture Conservation and Soil Structure Improvement Measures on Soil Structure and Water Use of Wheat and Maize

为探明不同保墒与土壤结构改良措施对小麦、玉米水分利用等的作用机理,采用大田试验,研究了秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖、保水剂及有机肥对小麦—玉米生长、光合生理特征、产量、水分利用效率及土壤结构等。结果表明:地面覆盖和土壤结构改良措施均改善了土壤团粒结构,且促进了土壤有机碳含量的提高。同时,不同措施改善了小麦、玉米不同生育期的光合生理特征,提高了小麦、玉米不同生育期的株高、叶面积及生物量,且成产要素也显著提高,地膜覆盖较其他措施更利于小麦产量的提高,其较普通耕作增产14.7%。对玉米而言,以秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖处理增产效果较佳,分别较普通耕作增产10.4%和10.3%。对小麦—玉米周年而言,地膜覆盖的总产量和总水分生产效率均最高,分别较普通耕作提高了12.5%和17.1%。相关分析表明,小麦、玉米周年总产量和总水分生产效率与小麦不同生育期的土壤水分、灌浆期叶面积、小麦单产、玉米大喇叭口期的叶面积以及土壤有机碳含量密切相关。

To ascertain the mechanism of different soil moisture conservation and soil structure improvement measures on water use of wheat and maize,a field experiment was conducted to determine the growth,photosynthetic physiological characteristics,yields,water use efficiency of water and maize and soil structure under the straw mulching,plastic film mulching,water retaining agent and organic fertilizer.The results showed that the ground cover and soil structure improvement measures effectively improved the soil aggregate structure and increased the content of soil organic carbon.What′s more,the different measures improved the photosynthetic characteristics of wheat and maize at different growth stages.The plant height,leaf area and biomass of wheat and maize at different growth stages increased,and the factors on production increased significantly,too.The plastic film mulching was more conducive to the improvement of wheat yield than the other measures,which increased the yield by 14.7%compared with the conventional tillage.For maize,the straw mulching and plastic film mulching treatments were conductive to the improvement of the yield,which increased the yields by 10.4%and 10.3%,respectively,compared with conventional tillage.For the total yields and water use efficiency of wheat and maize,the plastic film mulching treatment was the highest,increasing yields by 12.5%and 17.1%,respectively,compared with the conventional tillage.Correlation analysis showed that the annual total yields and water use efficiency of wheat and maize were closely related to soil moisture at different growth stages of wheat,leaf area in the filling stage,wheat yield,leaf area in big trumpet period of the maize,and soil organic carbon content.