论自由:积极的和消极的

On Freedom:the Positive and the Negative

自由是政治价值体系中至关重要的一个范畴。在现代性视域下,自由以对立多元的方式呈现,消极的和积极的自由、个人的和集体的自由、政治的和经济-社会的自由。这不仅是观念和概念的对立,甚至是相互对抗和竞争的社会-政治主张与实践的表达。通过对消极与积极的自由之间关系的分析,马尔库什论证了统一的规范性要求和矛盾多元性的现实本质上都是现代自由理念的特征。消极自由的实现需要以积极自由原则作补充,以确保所有人都具有民主政治参与的条件。

Freedom is a critical category in the political value system.From the perspective of modernity,freedom is presented in the forms of opposition and pluralism,such as the negative and positive freedom,the individual and collective freedom,the political and economic.social freedom.This refers both to the opposition of ideas and concepts,and to the expression of social.political propositions and practices that confront and compete with each other.Through analyzing the relationship between negative and positive freedoms,Markus demonstrates that unified normative requirements and contradiction pluralism remains the characteristics of modern freedom concept essentially in practice.The realization of negative freedom deserves the supplementa.tion from the principle of positive freedom,so as to ensure that all people have the conditions for democratic political participation.