清代韩江流域船差制探析

On the Shipping Regulation of the Basin of Hanjiang River in the Qing Dynasty

船差制涉及地方州县官员出行、公务接待、物资运输等各项用船事务。雍乾时期内河航运的兴起、驿站制度改革,使地方州县的船差由传统的驿站、官渡逐步过渡到形式更为多样的船差制。清代韩江流域相继出现了澳甲制、船行、船头局、渡船会等新的形式,体现了地方社会发展的多元性。清代韩江流域船差形式有两个主要的发展特征:其一是航运管理的现代化,表现在韩江流域船价标准的制定及稳定、统一的机构管理、更为有效的监管等。其二是航运资源的地域性及群体性。清代中期以后,大量创建的渡口、码头多为乡村宗族及乡绅势力所占有,而在城镇地区,大埔县、嘉应州丰顺县等地的商船联盟在晚清时期成功垄断了潮州府城通往上游地区的商业及船差,韩江下游地区则为海阳、澄海县商船联盟所垄断。

The shipping regulation range of the officials travel,official reception,material transportation and other ship affairs in the local government.There have been a Aojia、Chuanhang、Chuantouju、Duchuanhui and other new forms in Hanjiang River Basin in The Qing Dynasty in addition to the Guandu.The different forms is an inevitable result of the development of Hanjiang River shipping business,but also reflects the diversity of local social development.That has two main characteristics:One is the modern tendency of the management including the standard and stability of the ship price,unified organization management,more effective supervision etc.The second is the regional and mass nature of shipping resources.including the increasing ferry mainly occupy by the rural clan and gentry,while Chaozhou city monopolized by the commercial group of merchants in the upper reaches and the lower reaches of the hanjiang river separately.