美容美发场所主要污染物暴露特征及从业人群健康风险评价

Exposure characteristics of major pollutants and its occupational population risk assessment in beauty and hairdressing public places

目的了解昆山市美容美发场所主要污染物浓度水平及其从业人群的健康风险。方法 2017年选取美容、美发场所各4家,分别进行场所主要污染物PM_(10)、甲醛、氨和苯、甲苯、二甲苯的采样检测,同时调查场所从业人群工作时间行为模式,利用健康风险评价的方法,对PM_(10)、甲醛、氨、苯、甲苯、二甲苯健康风险进行评价。结果 PM_(10)、氨合格率分别为77.8%、94.4%,甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯均为100.0%;不同场所间PM_(10)、甲醛、氨检测值分布差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05);苯、甲苯、二甲苯检测值均<0.05mg/m^3(检出限)。PM_(10)危险系数(HQ)平均为2.93×10^(-2),均远低于参考限值;氨HQ平均为0.94,低于参考限值;甲醛致癌风险平均为11.85×10^(-6),是参考限值的11.85倍,8家场所致癌风险均高于参考评价限值,最高为参考限值的21.14倍;取0.025 mg/m^3作为风险评价浓度水平,在该浓度水平下,苯致癌风险平均为6.79×10^(-6)。结论甲醛在8家场所从业人群中健康风险普遍较高,其次为氨,PM_(10)和苯健康风险较低。

Objective To understand the concentration levels of major pollutants and health risk of occupational population in beauty and hairdressing public places in Kunshan city. Methods In 2017, a total of 4 beauty and 4 hairdressing public places were selected in Kunshan city,samples were collected and the concentration levels of PM 10 , formaldehyde, ammonia , benzene, toluene and xylene were tested. The time-behavior patterns of employees were investigated, and the health risk assessment model were used to assess the health risk caused by PM 10 , formaldehyde, ammonia, benzene, toluene and triphenyl. Results The qualified rates of PM 10 and ammonia were 77.8% and 99.4%, respectively. The qualified rates of formaldehyde, benzene, toluene and xylene in places were all 100.0%. There was no significant difference for the distribution of PM 10 , formaldehyde and ammonia in different places (all P >0.05). The detection results of all samples for formaldehyde, benzene ,toluene and xylene were less than 0.05 mg/m 3 (the limit of detection).The average hazard quotient( HQ )of PM 10 was 2.93×10 -2 ,which was far less than reference limit value. The average HQ of ammonia was 0.94, which was lower than the reference limit value. The average carcinogenic risk of formaldehyde was 11.85×10 -6 , which was 11.85 times of the reference limit value;the health risks of formaldehyde were generally higher in all 8 places, the highest risk was of 21.14 times of reference limit value. Taking 0.025 mg/m 3 as the level of risk assessment concentration, the average carcinogenic risk of benzene was 6.79 x 10 -6 . Conclusion The health risks of formaldehyde were generally higher in 8 places, followed by ammonia, the risks of PM 10 and benzene were relatively lower.