多维贫困与精准脱贫——以中部地区少数民族自治县Y县为例

Multi-dimensional Poverty and Targeted Poverty Alleviation——By Taking County Y,an Autonomous County for Ethnic Minorities in Central Region as an Example

本文利用2015年的实地调研数据和2018年的回访资料,研究中部地区少数民族自治县Y县的多维贫困情况和精准脱贫问题。基于A-F法构建多维贫困指数,从生活水平、教育、健康、发展能力四个维度分析多维贫困形成机理。通过对样本户中时隔3年仍然未脱贫的贫困户进行实地跟踪回访发现:普惠型脱贫政策的边际效果下降,产业扶贫遭遇多种不确定性,空心村扶贫项目"筹劳"难,易地搬迁脱贫的利益保障缺乏长远眼光,家有重特大疾病的贫困户脱贫难度高,非义务教育支出影响脱贫进程,新增贫困人口削减脱贫效果,盖房和结婚导致脱贫与返贫之间的悖论,"懒人"难脱贫与奖勤罚懒机制有矛盾。对此,在脱贫工作中,应实现城乡基本公共服务一体化,以"小农户振兴"为重要抓手,大力支持农民的组织化,提升人力资本,使"扶贫"与"扶志"相契合、有为政府与有效市场相结合。

By utilizing the field investigation data of 2015 and the return visit data of 2018,this article conducts research on multi-dimensional poverty and targeted poverty alleviation of County Y,an autonomous county for ethnic minorities in central region.The multi-dimensional poverty index is established based on the A-F method,to analyze the formation mechanism of the multi-dimensional poverty on four dimensions,i.e.,living standard,education,health and development ability.Based on return visits to the families still in poverty after three years in the samples,the following problems are detected during the poverty alleviation process according to research findings:the marginal effect of the inclusive poverty alleviation policies decreases;there are various uncertainties in specific methods of industry poverty alleviation;it is difficult to"raise fund"for poverty relief projects in hollow villages;There is no long-term vision to protect the interests of relocation poverty alleviation;it is especially difficult for low income families with major diseases to get rid of poverty;the non-compulsory education expenditure gives rise to influences on poverty alleviation process;the newly added poverty population leads to adverse influences on effect of poverty alleviation;house-building and marriage lead to paradox between poverty alleviation and re-poverty;there are conflicts between poverty alleviation of"lazy people"and the mechanism of"rewarding the diligent and punishing the lazy".Therefore,it is needed to pay attention to urban and rural basic public service integration,emphasis on"small farmers prosperous",vigorous support for systematization of farmers,improvement in human capital,combination of"support for poverty"and"support for ambition"and combination of effective governments and markets in the process of poverty alleviation.