合同解释语境中的合同主体

The Contract Subject in the Context of Contract Interpretation

在诉讼或仲裁的程序中,合同主体解读系争合同的约定,此时此地他是(无权)解释合同的主体,是主审法院或仲裁个案的仲裁庭对系争合同进行有权解释的辅助人,而非合同解释的客体。但在合同纠纷中裁判者认定某特定意思表示究竟为谁发出、谁接受等问题上,合同主体反倒成了客体,即合同解释的对象。解释者于解释合同时必须审视缔约人的权利能力和行为能力,从而决定是否认定有关合同无效;即使认定有关合同有效,这些能力也可能影响法律的适用以及权利义务的态样。非法人组织作为缔约人的,应当径直以其是合同主体的规则处理,而不得适用代理的规定。幼儿园对于在园的小朋友、小学对于在校的小学生,应当以其享有部分监护权来对待,不应以侵权法规范小朋友、小学生在园、在校期间所受损害的赔偿为由否定这种部分转移监护权的民事法律关系。对于隐名合伙人资格的认定,既要遵循合同相对性,又要看到它是一种客观事实,不宜沿用显名合伙人的规则来认定隐名合伙人的法律地位。

In the procedure of lawsuit or arbitration,when the contract subject interprets the agreement of the contract in contention,he is(informal)the subject of the contract interpretation,the assistant of the trial court or the arbitration chamber who has the right to interpret the disputed contract,not the object of the contract interpretation.However,in the contract disputes,when the judges determine whether a specific meaning indicates who is the agent and who is the receipt,the contract subject changes into the object,the object of contract interpretation.When interpreting the contract,the interpreter has to evaluate the contracting party′s rights and behavioral abilities,and then determines whether the contract is valid or not.Even though the contract is recognized as valid,these rights may possibly influence the application of law and the pattern of rights and obligations.If the contracting party is the unincorporated organization,the rule of regarding it as the contract subject,rather than the agent,should be employed directly.The kindergarten and the primary school should treat the civil law relationship of transferring partial custody by enjoying partial custody,instead of denying it by regulating the compensation for damage of kids and pupils in the kindergarten or the primary school by means of tort law.As for the identification of the qualification of the dormant partner,the contract relativity should be adhered to,and that it is an objective fact should be observed.The rule for the display partner is not suitable for identifying the legal status of the dormant partner.