庄子德论的内在理路——兼析心神形成的直接本源

The Inner Way of Zhuangzi's Theory of De——The Direct Origin of the Formation of Heart and Mind

以往研究庄子之"德"多囿于内篇,同时相对于"气变而有形"而言,"德"所指的是游心于道的状态,心或神从何而来?往往没能确切地说明。以文本整体为视域,通过考察"光""天""天光""心神""性"范畴与"德"之间的内在关系,从"德"之本源、状态、衰败和修养层面揭示其内在理路相对比较明晰。具体而言,"德"本源于"天光"的布施而降于人,赋予心灵以正直、泰然、安定、和谐、宁静、缄默、清纯、平静等自然状态,心神保此状态乃是"德"。由此"德"构成了心神存在的形上依据,而"光"是形成心神的直接本源。如同"光"在受外物遮蔽下曲而不直、不能普照万物一样,心神受外物形名、仁爱、法度和情欲的困扰而散乱,由此失去了自然状态,"德"遂衰败。鉴于此,需要"吾丧我""无为言之""莫若以明""成和之修""安之若命""性修反德"等修养功夫返归自然状态,与德相合、与道相辅而行,而其德论的意图主要是破除德之"伪"而挺立德之"真"。

In the past,the study of Zhuangzi′s"De"was mostly confined to the inner chpater.Compared to"Qi changes then has forms","De"refers to the state of heart wandering,but the former studies didn′t state exactly where heart or mind came from.Through the internal relationship between the categories of"Guang","Tian","Tianguang","heart and mind","Xing"and"De",and from the origin,state,decline and cultivation of"De",it is relatively clear to develop its internal rational way.Specifically,"De"was originally derived from"Tianguang"and descended on people.Give the heart a natural state of integrity,tranquility,stability,harmony,quietness,silence,purity,and calmness.The heart and mind retain these states as"De",so"De"constitutes the formal basis for the existence of the heart and mind,and"Guang"is its direct source.As Guang,covered by objects,will be bent and not shed the light on all objects,heart and mind are disturbed by the concealment of foreign objects,the entwining of names,the intervention of rewards and punishments,and the obsession of lust,thus deviates from the state of nature.In view of this,it is necessary to return to the state of nature by the cultivation of craftsmanship such as"I lost myself","Mo Ruo Ming","Cheng He","An Ruo Ming",and"Xing accomplishment",so as to combine with De and be complementary with Tao.The purpose of De is to get rid of De′s falsity and to comfirm its authenticity.