不同水肥条件对温室黄瓜生长及产量品质的影响

Effects of Different Water and Fertilizer Conditions on Growth,Yield and Quality of Greenhouse Cucumber

为寻找利于黄瓜高产优质的合理灌水施肥组合,在水肥一体化条件下探究不同灌水下限、施氮量、施钾量对黄瓜生长、产量和品质的影响,对于灌溉下限分别设置高水(W3:85%田持)、中水(W2:75%田持)、低水(W1:65%田持)三个水平;对于施肥量分别设置高氮(N3:468kg·hm-2)、中氮(N2:360kg·hm-2)、低氮(N1:252kg·hm-2)和高钾(K3:702kg·hm-2)、中钾(K2:540kg·hm-2)、低钾(K1:378kg·hm-2)各三个水平,为缩小试验规模,采用正交试验方法对三因素进行组合试验。试验结果表明:提高灌水下限,可以增加植株鲜重,W3灌溉水平下单株鲜重平均达到561.3g;大量施入氮肥虽不利于茎的生长但对于叶片生长有促进作用,N3处理叶片鲜重最大(225.6g);钾肥施入量对生长发育无显著影响。综合比较W3N2K2水肥组合最有利于植株生长。灌水下限、施氮量和施钾量均对黄瓜产量具有显著影响,随着灌水下限的提高黄瓜增产明显,W3处理产量平均达到131.6t·hm-2;随着氮肥钾肥施入量的增加黄瓜产量呈现先增加后减少的趋势;黄瓜全生育期耗水量与灌溉量呈正比关系,不同灌溉处理灌水量与耗水量关系曲线K值分别为1.53,1.04,0.79,随着灌溉量的增加耗水量逐渐趋于平稳;鲜果品质随着灌水下限的提高而降低但与钾肥施用量呈正相关关系,经评分法分析,W1N2K3水肥组合可以得到最优品质。通过模型精确预测,得出在灌水下限为田持的85%,施氮量381.3kg·hm-2,施钾量600.7kg·hm-2时可以得到最高产量,同时品质较为优质,预测产量为136.14t·hm-2,为最佳灌水下限与肥料施用量。

In order to find a reasonable irrigation and fertilization combination for high yield and high quality of cucumber under the condition of water and fertilizer integration,different irrigation limits,different applying amounts of nitrogen and potassium on the growth,yield and quality of cucumber were used to make an experiment.The high limit(W3:85%Field water holding capacity),middle limit(W2:75%Field water holding capacity)and low limit(W1:65%Field water holding capacity)of irrigation were used,respectively.The fertilization amounts of high nitrogen(N3:468kg·hm^-2),medium nitrogen(N2:360kg·hm^-2),low nitrogen(N1:252kg·hm^-2),high potassium(K3:702kg·hm^-2),middle potassium(K2:540kg·hm^-2)and low potassium(K1:378kg·hm^-2)were applied with orthogonal test.The test results showed that increasing the lower irrigation limit could enhance the fresh weight of the plant.The average fresh weight per plant at W3 irrigation level reached 561.3g.A large amount of nitrogen fertilizer was not conducive to the increase of cucumber stem weight,but promoted leaf growth.N3 treatment could get the freshest weight of leaves(225.6g).The amount of potassium fertilizer had no significant effect on growth and development.Comprehensive comparison,W3N2K2 was the best combination to growth.The limit of irrigation and the amount of nitrogen and potassium had a significant effect on the yield of cucumber.With the increase of the limit of irrigation,the yield of cucumber increased obviously.The average yield of W3 treatment reached 131.6t·hm-2.But with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application,the yield of cucumber increased first and then decreased.The water consumption of cucumber during the whole growth period was directly proportional to the irrigation amount.The k values of irrigation and water consumption were 1.53,1.04 and 0.79 respectively.With the increase of irrigation amount,the water consumption gradually became stable.The quality of fresh fruit decreased with the increase of irrigation limit,but was directly proportional to the amount of potassium fertilizer applied.W1N2K3 was the best combination of irrigation and fertilization by Scoring method.Accurate prediction indices were simulated through model:the lower limit of irrigation was 85%,nitrogen application was 381.3kg·hm^-2 and potassium application was 600.7kg·hm^-2,which could get the highest yield(136.14t·hm^-2)with good quality.