祖軷:从仪式、表演到文体生成

Zu Ba:from ceremony,performance to style generation

祖軷是因远行而衍生的一种仪式,这一仪式通常包含道祭、饯行两个层面。在道祭过程中,由于祭祀的原因而出现祝词文献;至于饯饮,原本用于抒发离情、庄重告别,不过在此过程中,伴随赠言、写诗、赋诗、论诗、歌唱等诸多事象。由此看来,在祖軷仪式中,一是出现祝词这样的仪式文学,二是出现诗、歌、赋、箴、序文等多文体的创作,三是在先秦时期的饯饮中,出现赋诗、论诗这些运用、阐释《诗经》的行为。可见这一仪式既有文学创作的因素,也有阐释的成分,并且多种文体涉入其中,可以说围绕祖軷仪式而衍生出可观的文体。还需提及的是,当重在"祖"向重在"饯"之演化过程中,其娱乐性越来越凸显,甚至出现滑稽表演,因而赋予祖軷仪式以浓厚的艺术色彩,在一定意义上可以说它参与了说话艺术的建构。

Zu Ba is a kind of ceremony derived from the long journey,which usually includes two levels:Road sacrifice and Give a farewell dinner.In the process of Road sacrifice,the documents of Zhu Guan documents appeared because of sacrificial reasons.As for drinking,it was originally used to express divorce and solemn farewell,but in this process,accompanied by many things such as giving advice,writing poems,Fu poems,commenting on poems,singing and so on.From this point of view,in the Zu Ba ceremony,there are ceremonial literature such as congratulations,creation of poetry,songs,fu,proverbs,prefaces and other literary styles,and the use and interpretation of the Book of Songs in the pre-Qin period.It can be seen that this ceremony has both the factors of literary creation and the elements of interpretation,and a variety of styles are involved in it.It can be said that a considerable style derives from the Zu Ba ceremony.It should also be mentioned that in the process of the evolution from"Road sacrifice"to"Give a farewell dinner",its entertaioment becomes more and more prominent,and even comic performances appear.Therefore,the Zu Ba's ceremony is endowed with strong artistic color.In a sense,it can be said that it participates in the construction of the art of speech.