19世纪伦敦下水道改革探究

An Exploration on the Reform of London Sewer in the 19^(th) Century

下水道是市政管理的重要组成部分。19世纪伦敦的下水道改革历经四个阶段。19世纪初,因伦敦排水不畅,下水道委员会被指责为"腐败无能"。19世纪中叶,以查德威克为代表的卫生派为改善城市卫生,支持小管道下水道方案将垃圾排入泰晤士河,造成"大恶臭"。此后,首都市政工程局采用巴扎戈特的下水道设计方案,将下水道排水口置于河流下游,也造成排水口恶臭。19世纪末,迪布丁推行"生态下水道"理念,对固体垃圾和液体垃圾区别处理,解决了下水道垃圾处理和气味难闻的问题。伦敦下水道改革是英国城市化过程中下水道改革的缩影,也是更新市政管理观念、摸索和改进下水道技术共同作用的结果。

Sewer is an important part of municipal management.The reform of London sewer in the 19^th century went through four stages.In the early 19 th century,the sewer committee was accused of being“corrupt and incompetent”because of poor drainage in London.In the mid-19^th century,the sanitarians represented by Chadwick supported the small-pipe sewage scheme to discharge the waste into the Thames for the purpose of promoting urban public health,causing“the Great Stink”.And then the Capital Municipal Engineering Bureau adopted Bazalgette s sewage design scheme to set the sewer outlets in the lower course of the Thames,also causing fetor at the outfalls.In the late 19^th century,Dibdin pursued the idea of“biological sewage”,disposing solid waste and liquid waste separately,and solved the problem of the waste disposal and foul smells.London sewer reform was an epitome of sewage reform in the process of British urbanization,and also the concurrent result of the renewal of municipal management concepts,and exploration and improvement of sewer technology.