技术进步、政策失灵与东汉流民问题研究

Study of Technological Progress,Policy Failure and Refugee Problem in Eastern Han Dynasty

两汉时期流民问题比较严重,两汉政府采取了基本相同的措施,但效果不同。西汉效果比较好,流民问题没有成为社会问题。东汉收效甚微,最终导致政权灭亡。究其原因,东汉时期牛耕在黄河流域逐渐普及,有牛之家耕作能力提高,耕作土地面积扩大,排挤部分劳动者,导致流民出现。同时,税收机制不合理也导致农民背井离乡。曹操掌权时期,采取普及耕牛、改变税收方式来解决流民问题,这一措施为历朝继承,到了唐代基本上解决了流民产生的制度性因素。

The problem of refugees was relatively serious during the Western and Eastern Han Dynasties and the governments of the both Han Dynasties adopted basically the same measures to cope with it,but the effects were different,with that of the former being better and the problem of refugees never becoming a social problem.By comparison,the Eastern Han Dynasty got little success,resulting in the demise of the regime.The reason for the collapse of empire was that in the Eastern Han Dynasty,cattle farming gradually became popularized in the Yellow River Basin,and the farming capacity of homes owning cattle was improved with the expansion of the cultivated land while other labors being expelled,which led to the emergence of refugees.At the same time,the unfair tax system also forced the farmers to leave their homes.During CAO Cao′s reign,the refugee issue was settled by popularizing cattle and changing tax methods.These measures were inherited by successive dynasties.By Tang Dynasty,the institutional factors of the emergence of refugees were basically solved.