动物外泌体的生物学功能研究进展

Advances in Biological Functions of Animal Exosomes

外泌体是指不同类型细胞分泌的由磷脂双分子层膜包裹蛋白质、脂质和核酸形成的囊泡结构,能够在细胞间转运蛋白质、脂质和核酸,是介导细胞间通讯的有力载体。外泌体天然存在于各种体液中,如血液、尿液、唾液、脑脊液和乳汁,为其广泛调控机体生理病理过程提供了基础。目前,外泌体在人类恶性肿瘤、自身免疫疾病等方面的研究已非常广泛,但其对动物生理病理调控方面的研究报道较少。近期研究表明,外泌体大量存在于各种哺乳动物的乳中,通过其内含miRNAs为幼畜提供免疫保护。因此,本文综述了外泌体的生成和来源、生物学功能及分离鉴定的方法,以期为其在畜牧学方面的研究提供参考依据。

Exosomes,internal proteins,lipids,and nucleic acids coated by phospholipid bilayer membranes,are one type of small extracellular vesicles,which can mediate cell-cell communication.Exosomes are naturally present in many kinds of body fluids,such as blood,urine,saliva,cerebrospinal fluid and milk,which can provide a basis for their extensive regulation of physiological and pathological processes.Currently,exosomes have been extensively studied in human malignant tumor and autoimmune diseases,but the researches on animal physiology and pathology are less.Recent studies have shown that exosomes are abundant in the milk of various mammals and they provide immunological protection for infants through miRNAs.The origin,biological functions and methods of isolation and identification of exosomes were reviewed,hoping to provide reference for its researches on animal husbandry.