全自动移栽机械关键部件研究现状及发展趋势

Research Status and Development Trend of Key Components of Automatic Transplanting Machine

育苗移栽技术的应用延长了作物生长期,有效避开了春倒寒期间的恶劣气候环境,具有对气候的补偿作用和使作物生长期提前的综合效应,经济效益和社会效益显著。全自动移栽机械的研发与改进是育苗移栽技术推广应用的有力保障,目前国内外移栽机械正向着智能化、专业化发展。为此,利用文献分析法和系统归纳法,将全自动移栽机械归纳为栽植系统、供苗系统和电气控制系统3个主要部分,阐述了各个系统的研究现状和发展水平,对比了各类典型全自动移栽机关键部件的基本原理、工作方式和适用范围;同时,重点介绍了栽植系统中开沟式、鸭嘴式和钻入式开穴开穴机构的优缺点和选用原则,供苗系统中自动排苗机构、自动取苗机构和自动投苗机构的运动轨迹和执行方式的优化措施;电气控制系统中PLC控制系统、单片机控制系统、自适应FuzzyPID控制系统的应用局限性;展望了全自动移栽机械的发展方向,为实现自动、高效、准确移栽作业提供参考。

The application of Seedlings transplanting technology extend the crop growth time, effectively avoid the cold during the cold weather environment, with the role of climate compensation and crop growth early comprehensive effect, its economic and social benefits are very impressive. The development and improvement of automatic transplanting machinery is a powerful guarantee for the popularization and application of Seedlings transplanting technology. At present, domestic and foreign transplanting machinery towards the intelligent, professional development. This paper uses literature analysis and system induction to generalize the transplanting machinery into three main parts: planting system, seedling system and electrical control system. The research status and development level of each system are expounded. The basic principles, working methods and application scope of the key components of the typical automatic transplanting machine are introduced. The advantages and disadvantages of the open-ditch type, duckbill type and drill-in hole opening mechanism, the optimization of the trajectory and the execution mode for the automatic seedling Tidy-up mechanism, the automatic seedling Pick-up mechanism and the automatic seedling drop-up mechanism, and the application limitation of the PLC control system, the microcomputer control system and the adaptive fuzzy-PID control system in the electrical control system are introduced emphatically. Looking forward to the development tendency of automatic transplanting machinery, in order to achieve automatic, efficient and accurate transplanting to provide theoretical experience.