我国大宗淡水鱼养殖的基本特征、主要问题及对策

Basic characteristics, problems and solutions in China's conventional freshwater fish breeding

基于国家大宗淡水鱼产业技术体系30个综合试验站获取的182个养殖户调查数据,从养殖户视角归纳出中国大宗淡水鱼养殖基本特征。当前大宗淡水鱼养殖以池塘为主要养殖水域,不同水域间家庭养殖规模和成本收益有明显差异,以中等学历中年男性专职养殖户为主力军,生产要素投入是饲料最费钱和捕捞最耗工。"以养为主"发展战略推动了大宗淡水鱼产业发展,但良种繁育、技术培训和信息服务仍存在供需缺口,养殖户仍偏重加注新水传统方式去调节水质,还欠缺饲料精确投喂技术和病害防治知识,而且池塘简陋老化及养殖配套设施保障不足。最后,论文针对当前大宗淡水鱼养殖存在问题提出相应建议。

The paper concluded the basic characteristics of conventional freshwater fish breeding in China from perspective of fishing farmer by analyzing the data from 30 integrated observation stations under the national technology system for conventional freshwater fish industries. Fishing pond is the main cultured waters. Fishers’ cultivation scale, costs and benefits vary in different cultured waters. Middle-aged male full-time fishing farmer with a secondary education background are the main force of conventional freshwater fish breeding. And for inputs, aquatic feed is the most costly factor and fishing operation is the most time-consuming. Development of conventional freshwater fish industries was promoted by the strategy of “breeding as priority”, but the elite breeding, tech-training and information services still lag behind the market, especially currently the fishing farmers still lack of the knowledge in precise feeding and epidemic prevention, adjusting the water conditions rely on injecting additional freshwater, and the breeding facilities are mostly in disrepair and lack of proper maintenance. In view of the current problems, we put forward some useful suggestions.