土族传统村落文化景观及其变迁研究

The Traditional Village Cultural Landscapes and Changes in Tu Nationality

我国少数民族分布地区,形成了数量众多、类型多样、特色各异的传统村落文化景观,被称为民族文化的活化石。文章结合景观生态学、保护生物学以及文化景观的相关概念和理论,以互助县土观村为案例研究,通过识别土族传统村落——土观村的村落文化景观核心构成要素,构建了土观村村落文化景观体系,分析土观村文化景观在时空尺度上的变化。结果表明:土观村文化景观斑块随时间变化。在空间上呈现破碎化的趋势,斑块内的多样性(即文化景观异质性)降低,与之相关的土族传统知识也随之消失。同时文化景观中的非物质类景观相对于物质景观,在时间尺度上更具有稳定性。土族传统知识与村落文化景观之间具有正反馈作用,传统知识作为土族传统文化在社区的"文化基因"(内在核心要素),对传统知识的保护能有效促进文化景观的保护和发展,而村落文化景观作为为土族传统文化在社区的"文化生态系统",对其的保护为传统知识的传承创造了更好的"生境条件",从而更好地促进传统知识的保护和发展。

There are a large number of traditional village cultural landscapes with diverse types and characteristics in distribution areas of ethnic minorities in China, which are called living fossils of ethnic culture. Based on landscape ecology, conservation biology, and cultural landscape of the related concepts and theories, by taking the case study on Tuguan Village of Huzhu County, and by identifying the core elements of cultural landscape of Tuguan Village, which is a traditional Tu village, this paper analyses the cultural landscape system in Tuguan Village and its historical change on the scale of time and space. The results shows that the cultural landscape patches of Tuguan Village changed with time. In terms of space, it shows a trend of fragmentation, and the diversity(namely the heterogeneity of cultural landscape) within the patch decreases, and the relevant traditional knowledge of the Tu nationality also disappears. Meanwhile, the non-material landscape in the cultural landscape is more stable on the time scale than the material landscape. In addition, there is a positive feedback between the traditional knowledge and the village cultural landscape. As the "gene"(i.e.inner core) of traditional culture, the protection of the traditional knowledge can effectively promote that of the cultural landscape, as the cultural ecosystem, and the protection and development of the cultural landscape could create a better "habitat condition" for traditional knowledge that can promote the protection and development of traditional knowledge in turn.