北宋京畿地区洪涝的协同治理

Cooperative Control of Floods and Waterlogging in the Capital City and Its Environs in the Northern Song Dynasty

北宋京畿地区的洪涝治理是自上而下的行政行为,体现着朝廷和各级政府的组织能力,在实际运作中既需要君主和朝廷的动员,也仰赖开封府、州县以及治水机构和官员的协作。宋初,由于缺少专职的治水机构和职官,君主通过选派武将、宦官及门官员等亲信来开展治水事务。这种君主授权的近臣治理模式,在政令传达上更便捷,行政效率也更高,但这往往取决于君主的个人意志和权威,因而难以长期持续。自宋真宗朝开始,逐渐走向设官分职的制度化模式,先后有多个机构和职官参与京畿地区的洪涝治理。作为专项事务,洪涝治理的开展依托相应的机构,比较简捷的形式是基于既有的行政区划,将洪涝治理的职责划归相应的行政机构。洪涝灾害一般会超出既有行政区划的边界,宋廷因地制宜地设置了跨越行政区划的专职机构或差遣官。

Flood control in the capital during the Northern Song Dynasty was a top-rdown administrative act,reflecting the organizational ability of the imperial court and governments at all levels.In practice,flood control required the mobilization of the monarch and the imperial court and the cooperation of Kaifeng government,prefectures and counties,water control agencies and officials.In the early Song Dynasty,due to the lack of full-rtime water management institutions and officials,the monarch conducted water management by appointing military generals,eunuchs and close-rdoor officials.This governance mode of intimate ministers authorized by the monarch was more convenient in communicating decrees and more efficient in administration,but it often depended on the personal will and authority of the monarch,making it difficult to sustain for a long time.Since Emperor Zengzong of the Song Dynasty,it gradually began to move towards the institutionalized mode of setting up officials and dividing their duties.Several organizations and officials successively participated in flood control in the capital region.As a special matter,the development of flood control relied on the corresponding institutions,whose simpler form was based on the existing administrative divisions,and the responsibility of flood control was assigned to the corresponding administrative agencies.Flood disasters usually exceeded the boundaries of the existing administrative divisions,so the court set up specialized agencies or dispatched officials across the administrative divisions according to local conditions.