14—15世纪意大利佩鲁贾地区犹太女性经济自主权研究

A Study of Economic Autonomy of Jewish Women in Perugia from 14th to 15th Century

对一个特定社会环境中的少数族群女性进行研究历来有着重要意义。根据近年来整理发布的大量历史记录(如法庭记录、典当凭证、银行凭据等)进行较长时段的审视可以发现,中世纪欧洲(主要指天主教影响下的西欧地区)的犹太女性往往呈现出与同时期欧洲其他女性群体(包括信奉天主教女性在内)的明显差异。尤其在中世纪晚期意大利中部这个特定的时空,犹太妇女不仅打破了"默许位置",掌握了支配自己财产的权利,而且在丧夫情况下,她们还可能担任家庭户主,操持家庭理财,履行监护职责,甚至公开从事银行业务,参与法律诉讼,并与非犹太人在商业事务方面实现互动,其经济活动对个体家庭乃至社区、城市均产生了重要影响。

Researching on minority women in a particular social environment has always been of significance.A long-term review based on a large number of historical records,such as court records,pawn vouchers,and bank credentials,compiled in recent years reveals that Jewish women in medieval Europe,mainly in the Western European region under the influence of Catholicism,often are significantly different from other European female groups,including Catholic women.Especially in the specific time and space of central Italy in the late Middle Ages,Jewish women not only broke the Default Position,but also owned the right to control their own property.In the case of widowed husbands,they may also be the head of households,manage family finances,and perform guardianship.They were even openly engaged in banking,participated in legal proceedings,and interacted with non-Jewish people in business affairs,and their economic activities have an important impact on individual families,communities,even on cities.