巴蜀“魌头”一词语义嬗变与文化内涵考察

Semantic Evolution and Cultural Connotations of the Word Qitou in Bashu Area

通过对文献的考察,"魌头"一词最早见于郑玄注《周礼》,现今巴蜀地区方言"魌头"一词便宜、轻松义实源于丧葬习俗。汉代及其以前的"方相""魌头"二词是异名同实。由南北朝至清代,官方礼仪文献中强调丧仪中"方相"与"魌头"四目与二目的区别,以此区分尊卑,客观上促进了"方相""魌头"成为专门的丧葬词汇。在民众生活中,迟至唐代,"方相"与"魌头"仍是统言为一,析言为二。元明以后,作为送葬之具的方相、魌头,逐渐被称作"显道神"或"开路神"。在巴蜀地区,"显道神""开路神"这一称呼沿用至近当代,"魌头"一词的所指成为丧仪中供众人捡食的"鬼胆子粑粑",而巴蜀地区的民众则称捡食"鬼胆子粑粑"为"捡魌头",由此"魌头"一词逐渐引申出便宜、轻松义。

Through the investigation of the literature,the word Qitou was first found in Zheng Xuan's Note Zhou Li.the word Qitou in the dialect of Bashu area is cheap and easy.It originated from the funeral custom.In the Han Dynasty and before,the two words Fangxiang and Qitou were two nomenclatures for one thing.From the Southern and Northern dynasties to the Qing Dynasty,official ceremonial documents emphasized the different number of eyes between Fangxiang and Qitou in mourning ceremony.Thus differentiate the superiority and inferiority,which objectively promoted Fangxiang and Qitou to become special funeral words.For civilian life,as late as Tang Dynasty,Fangxiang and Qitou are still On behalf of the same article,unless an analysis is carried out.After the Yuan and Ming dynasties,the as funeral instruments,Fangxiang and Qitou were gradually referred to as the Xiand-aoshen or Kailushen in the Bashu area and have been used for the present time.While the word Qitou has evolved into a Guidanzibaba for people to pick up in mourning ceremonies.People in Bashu area call Guidanzibaba as Jian Qitou,and then the word Qitou is gradually extended to mean cheap and easy.