从议会制到总统制:制度转型与土耳其的政治选择

Political System Transformation and Turkey's Political Choice: From Parliamentary System to Presidential System

2014年土耳其的首次总统直选将总统制改革正式提上了议程,2017年修宪公投的成功使土耳其进入了从议会制到总统制的过渡时期,2018年的总统选举则标志着土耳其议会制的终结和总统制的开启,可谓是"百年未有之变局"。土耳其通过民主选举的方式实现了国家政治体制的转型,是自主探索本国发展道路的尝试,虽然"新土耳其"的前景仍具有不确定性,但无论是否成功,这对于中东国家甚至全球转型国家都具有借鉴意义。本文无意于探讨议会制与总统制的制度优劣,而主要考察土耳其在建国之初何以选择议会制和20世纪后期出现总统制辩论的原因,埃尔多安的总统制设想及其演变过程,土耳其实现从议会制到总统制转型的动因,以及总统制为土耳其带来的机遇与挑战等问题,以期丰富学界对土耳其政治发展道路和民主转型等问题的理解。

Turkey's 2014 presidential election put presidential reform on the agenda.The success of the 2017 constitutional referendum led Turkey into a period of transition from a parliamentary system to a presidential system.The 2018 presidential election officially marked the end of the Turkish parliamentary system and the beginning of a presidential system.However,the creation of “New Turkey” still faces uncertainty.This article focuses on: Why Turkey chose the parliamentary system in early days of its founding;Why the debate of presidential system has emerged since the 1970s;What changes have been made to Recep Tayyip Erdogan's presidential system;Why this transition happened;and what are the opportunities and challenges that the presidential system will bring to Turkey.This article aims at enriching the understanding of “Turkish path of political development” and “Turkish democracy transformation”.