设立宪法和法律委员会的法治分析

Establishment of CLC and Its Promotion on the Rule of Law

法治的精义是规则至上,而规则供给的多元化则逻辑性地要求以宪法为最高法,整个法制体系统一于宪法,并设置合宪性审查专责机关维护宪法权威。设立宪法实施的专责监督机构是中国法治建设得以迈进的关口,修改宪法、设立宪法和法律委员会是法治中国建设的重大举措,部分地回应了宪法审查发展的理性化和专门化要求,具有丰富的法治内涵。宪法和法律委员会是专责性的宪法机关,合宪性审查因此从自发走向自觉进而迈向宪法化和理性化;将合宪性审查的工作权限排他性地授予宪法和法律委员会,实现了合宪性审查权的集中化和专门化;抛弃过去多个机关分理的机制,由选举产生的人大代表(包括法律人士)组成的宪法和法律委员会专责性地行使合宪性审查权,强化了合宪性审查机构的功能最适性。为了进一步地推进合宪性审查,有必要建立"司法辩论—宪法审查"协同机制。

In a country under rule of law,the law has supreme authority.For the pluralism of laws of a country,this means there is no law that might contravene the Constitution,and there must exist a specific organ for constitutional review,so that the enforcement of the Constitution can be supervised.In China,the amendment of the Constitution and the establishment of the Constitution and Law Committee(CLC)are rich in the connotation of the rule of law and are exactly the keys to the rule of law,as a partial response to the requirements of rationalization and specialization in the development of constitutional review.Unlike the mechanism of multiple agencies that managed separately in the past,the CLC is a constitutional organ composed of NPC deputies and law experts,which can assist NPC and NPCCC by monopolistically exercising the power of constitutional review,and strengthen the functional suitability of a constitutional organ.This enables the CLC to realize the centralization and the specialization of the power of constitutional review,and in consequence the establishment of CLC in China must be the way to develop the process of constitutional review from a spontaneous one to a conscientious and rational one.To make further progress,it is necessary to establish a judicial debate-NPCCC review coordination mechanism based on the constitutional review priority transfer mechanism.